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Gwadz M, Cleland CM, Kutnick A, et al. Factors Associated with Recent HIV Testing among Heterosexuals at High Risk for HIV Infection in New York City. Front Public Health. 2016;4:76doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00076.
Gwadz, M., Cleland, C. M., Kutnick, A., Leonard, N. R., Ritchie, A. S., Lynch, L., Banfield, A., McCright-Gill, T., Del Olmo, M., & Martinez, B. (2016). Factors Associated with Recent HIV Testing among Heterosexuals at High Risk for HIV Infection in New York City. Frontiers in public health, 476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00076
Gwadz, Marya, et al. "Factors Associated with Recent HIV Testing among Heterosexuals at High Risk for HIV Infection in New York City." Frontiers in public health vol. 4 (2016): 76. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00076
Gwadz M, Cleland CM, Kutnick A, Leonard NR, Ritchie AS, Lynch L, Banfield A, McCright-Gill T, Del Olmo M, Martinez B. Factors Associated with Recent HIV Testing among Heterosexuals at High Risk for HIV Infection in New York City. Front Public Health. 2016 Apr 27;4:76. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00076. eCollection 2016. PMID: 27200330; PMCID: PMC4846660.
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Front Public Health. 2016 Apr 27;4:76. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00076. eCollection 2016.

Factors Associated with Recent HIV Testing among Heterosexuals at High Risk for HIV Infection in New York City.

Frontiers in public health

Marya Gwadz, Charles M Cleland, Alexandra Kutnick, Noelle R Leonard, Amanda S Ritchie, Laura Lynch, Angela Banfield, Talaya McCright-Gill, Montserrat Del Olmo, Belkis Martinez

Affiliations

  1. Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR), New York University College of Nursing , New York, NY , USA.

PMID: 27200330 PMCID: PMC4846660 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00076

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends persons at high risk for HIV infection in the United States receive annual HIV testing to foster early HIV diagnosis and timely linkage to health care. Heterosexuals make up a significant proportion of incident HIV infections (>25%) but test for HIV less frequently than those in other risk categories. Yet factors that promote or impede annual HIV testing among heterosexuals are poorly understood. The present study examines individual/attitudinal-, social-, and structural-level factors associated with past-year HIV testing among heterosexuals at high risk for HIV.

METHODS: Participants were African-American/Black and Hispanic heterosexual adults (N = 2307) residing in an urban area with both high poverty and HIV prevalence rates. Participants were recruited by respondent-driven sampling in 2012-2015 and completed a computerized structured assessment battery covering background factors, multi-level putative facilitators of HIV testing, and HIV testing history. Separate logistic regression analysis for males and females identified factors associated with past-year HIV testing.

RESULTS: Participants were mostly male (58%), African-American/Black (75%), and 39 years old on average (SD = 12.06 years). Lifetime homelessness (54%) and incarceration (62%) were common. Half reported past-year HIV testing (50%) and 37% engaged in regular, annual HIV testing. Facilitators of HIV testing common to both genders included sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing or STI diagnosis, peer norms supporting HIV testing, and HIV testing access. Among women, access to general medical care and extreme poverty further predicted HIV testing, while recent drug use reduced the odds of past-year HIV testing. Among men, past-year HIV testing was also associated with lifetime incarceration and substance use treatment.

CONCLUSION: The present study identified gaps in rates of HIV testing among heterosexuals at high risk for HIV, and both common and gender-specific facilitators of HIV testing. Findings suggest a number of avenues for increasing HIV testing rates, including increasing the number and types of settings offering high-quality HIV testing; promoting STI as well as HIV testing; better integrating STI and HIV testing systems; implementing peer-driven social/behavioral intervention approaches to harness the positive influence of social networks and reduce unfavorable shared peer norms; and specialized approaches for women who use drugs.

Keywords: HIV screening; HIV testing; barriers to HIV testing; health disparities; heterosexuals; sex differences; structural barriers

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