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Frohnhöfer HG, Geiger-Rudolph S, Pattky M, et al. Spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for pigment pattern formation in zebrafish. Biol Open. 2016;5(6):736-44doi: 10.1242/bio.018721.
Frohnhöfer, H. G., Geiger-Rudolph, S., Pattky, M., Meixner, M., Huhn, C., Maischein, H. M., Geisler, R., Gehring, I., Maderspacher, F., Nüsslein-Volhard, C., & Irion, U. (2016). Spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for pigment pattern formation in zebrafish. Biology open, 5(6), 736-44. https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.018721
Frohnhöfer, Hans Georg, et al. "Spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for pigment pattern formation in zebrafish." Biology open vol. 5,6 (2016): 736-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.018721
Frohnhöfer HG, Geiger-Rudolph S, Pattky M, Meixner M, Huhn C, Maischein HM, Geisler R, Gehring I, Maderspacher F, Nüsslein-Volhard C, Irion U. Spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for pigment pattern formation in zebrafish. Biol Open. 2016 Jun 15;5(6):736-44. doi: 10.1242/bio.018721. PMID: 27215328; PMCID: PMC4920196.
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Biol Open. 2016 Jun 15;5(6):736-44. doi: 10.1242/bio.018721.

Spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for pigment pattern formation in zebrafish.

Biology open

Hans Georg Frohnhöfer, Silke Geiger-Rudolph, Martin Pattky, Martin Meixner, Carolin Huhn, Hans-Martin Maischein, Robert Geisler, Ines Gehring, Florian Maderspacher, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Uwe Irion

Affiliations

  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung 3, Spemannstrasse 35, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
  2. Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
  3. Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung 3, Spemannstrasse 35, Tübingen 72076, Germany [email protected].

PMID: 27215328 PMCID: PMC4920196 DOI: 10.1242/bio.018721

Abstract

Polyamines are small poly-cations essential for all cellular life. The main polyamines present in metazoans are putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Their exact functions are still largely unclear; however, they are involved in a wide variety of processes affecting cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis and aging. Here we identify idefix, a mutation in the zebrafish gene encoding the enzyme spermidine synthase, leading to a severe reduction in spermidine levels as shown by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. We show that spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for early development, organogenesis and colour pattern formation. Whereas in other vertebrates spermidine deficiency leads to very early embryonic lethality, maternally provided spermidine synthase in zebrafish is sufficient to rescue the early developmental defects. This allows us to uncouple them from events occurring later during colour patterning. Factors involved in the cellular interactions essential for colour patterning, likely targets for spermidine, are the gap junction components Cx41.8, Cx39.4, and Kir7.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, all known to be regulated by polyamines. Thus, zebrafish provide a vertebrate model to study the in vivo effects of polyamines.

© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Keywords: Pattern formation; Pigmentation; Polyamine; Spermidine synthase; Spermine synthase; Zebrafish

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