J Immunother Cancer. 2014 Apr 15;2:9. doi: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-9. eCollection 2014.
Prolonged repeated vaccine immuno-chemotherapy induces long-term clinical responses and survival for advanced metastatic melanoma.
Journal for immunotherapy of cancer
Brendon J Coventry, Carrie A Lilly, Peter Hersey, Antonio Michele, Richard J Bright
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Melanoma Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia Australia.
- Kolling Institute University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Medical Oncology, North Adelaide Oncology, Calvary Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006 Australia.
PMID: 27437102
PMCID: PMC4950896 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Repetitive long-term Vaccinia Melanoma Cell Lysate (VMCL) vaccination schedules have proved clinically effective in producing Complete Responses and strong durable survivals for up to 6.1 years in a previous study of patients with advanced Stage IV and Stage IIIc melanoma. These studies were expanded to include 54 patients for further evaluation of these findings.
METHODS: 54 patients comprising 48 Stage IV (6 M1a, 14 M1b, 28 M1c) and 6 advanced Stage III (5 IIIc; 1 IIIb) were studied using repeated intra-dermal VMCL vaccine therapy. If disease progressed, vaccine was continued together with standard chemotherapy (DTIC and/or Fotemustine). Overall survival was the primary end-point assessed, with clinical responses and toxicity recorded.
RESULTS: From vaccine commencement, median overall survival was 14 months, ranging from 4 to 121 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated overall 1, 2 and 3-year survival estimates of 57%, 26% and 18.5% respectively, and overall 5-year survival of 15.4%. No appreciable toxicity was observed. Complete Responses (CR) occurred in 16.7% (9) and partial responses (PR) in 14.8% (8) of patients. Stable disease was noted in a further 25 patients (46.3%). No response to therapy was apparent in 12 patients (22.2%). The overall response rate was 31.5% (CR + PR), with clinically significant responses (CR + PR + SD) in 77.8% of patients. Strong, durable clinical responses with overall survivals ≥ 23 months occurred in 29.6% of patients treated with repeated VMCL vaccine for advanced melanoma, (+/- concurrent chemotherapy).
CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged, repetitive VMCL vaccination immunotherapy appears to be a clinically effective means of generating relatively high CR rates, useful clinical responses and long-term survivals, with little toxicity, but remains notably under-explored. Successive immunomodulation might explain the results. Closer analysis of repetitive dosing is required to improve clinical response rates and survival, perhaps by optimising the timing of immunotherapy delivery.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZCTRN12605000425695.
Keywords: Complete response; Immuno-Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Metastatic melanoma; Repetitive vaccinations; Survival; VMCL; Vaccine
References
- J Clin Oncol. 2002 Dec 1;20(23):4549-54 - PubMed
- Cancer Manag Res. 2012;4:137-49 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2004 Mar 15;22(6):1118-25 - PubMed
- Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Oct 1;19(19):5300-9 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 12;367 (2):107-14 - PubMed
- Cancer Manag Res. 2012;4:215-21 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 28;366(26):2443-54 - PubMed
- J Transl Med. 2009 Nov 30;7:102 - PubMed
- Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Jul 1;17(13):4550-7 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Jan;11(1):75-85 - PubMed
- World J Surg. 1992 Mar-Apr;16(2):251-60 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 26;363(9):809-19 - PubMed
- Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Jul;1291:1-13 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 19;363(8):711-23 - PubMed
- Cancer J. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):379-96 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2517-26 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug 20;30(24):3012-9 - PubMed
- Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Aug 12;690:167-77 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2507-16 - PubMed
- Lancet Oncol. 2012 Sep;13(9):849 - PubMed
- Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Apr 1;18(7):2039-47 - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2008 Feb 1;26(4):527-34 - PubMed
- Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;12(7 Pt 2):2353s-2358s - PubMed
- J Clin Oncol. 2002 Oct 15;20(20):4181-90 - PubMed
- J Surg Oncol. 2011 Sep;104(4):420-4 - PubMed
- Cancer J Sci Am. 2000 Feb;6 Suppl 1:S11-4 - PubMed
- Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Aug;19(8):2547-55 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2003 Aug 1;63(15):4490-6 - PubMed
- Melanoma Res. 2003 Jun;13(3):263-9 - PubMed
- N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 28;366(26):2455-65 - PubMed
Publication Types