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Panizzolo FA, Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, et al. Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2447doi: 10.7717/peerj.2447.
Panizzolo, F. A., Maiorana, A. J., Naylor, L. H., Dembo, L. G., Lloyd, D. G., Green, D. J., & Rubenson, J. (2016). Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients. PeerJ, 4e2447. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2447
Panizzolo, Fausto Antonio, et al. "Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients." PeerJ vol. 4 (2016): e2447. doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2447
Panizzolo FA, Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Dembo LG, Lloyd DG, Green DJ, Rubenson J. Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients. PeerJ. 2016 Sep 15;4:e2447. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2447. eCollection 2016. PMID: 27672504; PMCID: PMC5028761.
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PeerJ. 2016 Sep 15;4:e2447. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2447. eCollection 2016.

Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients.

PeerJ

Fausto Antonio Panizzolo, Andrew J Maiorana, Louise H Naylor, Lawrence G Dembo, David G Lloyd, Daniel J Green, Jonas Rubenson

Affiliations

  1. John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
  2. Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
  3. The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia.
  4. Envision Medical Imaging , Perth , WA , Australia.
  5. Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia.
  6. The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  7. The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.

PMID: 27672504 PMCID: PMC5028761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2447

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Alterations in skeletal muscle function and architecture have been linked to the compromised exercise capacity characterizing chronic heart failure (CHF). However, how passive skeletal muscle force is affected in CHF is not clear. Understanding passive force characteristics in CHF can help further elucidate the extent to which altered contractile properties and/or architecture might affect muscle and locomotor function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate passive force in a single muscle for which non-invasive measures of muscle size and estimates of fiber force are possible, the soleus (SOL), both in CHF patients and age- and physical activity-matched control participants.

METHODS: Passive SOL muscle force and size were obtained by means of a novel approach combining experimental data (dynamometry, electromyography, ultrasound imaging) with a musculoskeletal model.

RESULTS: We found reduced passive SOL forces (∼30%) (at the same relative levels of muscle stretch) in CHF vs. healthy individuals. This difference was eliminated when force was normalized by physiological cross sectional area, indicating that reduced force output may be most strongly associated with muscle size. Nevertheless, passive force was significantly higher in CHF at a given absolute muscle length (non length-normalized) and likely explained by the shorter muscle slack lengths and optimal muscle lengths measured in CHF compared to the control participants. This later factor may lead to altered performance of the SOL in functional tasks such gait.

DISCUSSION: These findings suggest introducing exercise rehabilitation targeting muscle hypertrophy and, specifically for the calf muscles, exercise that promotes muscle lengthening.

Keywords: Heart failure; Passive force; Skeletal muscle; Soleus; Ultrasound

Conflict of interest statement

Lawrence G. Dembo is an employee of Envision Medical Imaging. The authors declare there are no competing interests.

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