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Gangl R, Tenhaken R. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:1115doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01115.
Gangl, R., & Tenhaken, R. (2016). Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark. Frontiers in plant science, 71115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01115
Gangl, Roman, and Tenhaken, Raimund. "Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark." Frontiers in plant science vol. 7 (2016): 1115. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01115
Gangl R, Tenhaken R. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark. Front Plant Sci. 2016 Jul 26;7:1115. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01115. eCollection 2016. PMID: 27507985; PMCID: PMC4960254.
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Front Plant Sci. 2016 Jul 26;7:1115. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01115. eCollection 2016.

Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark.

Frontiers in plant science

Roman Gangl, Raimund Tenhaken

Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria.

PMID: 27507985 PMCID: PMC4960254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01115

Abstract

Raffinose synthase 5 (AtRS5, At5g40390) was characterized from Arabidopsis as a recombinant enzyme. It has a far higher affinity for the substrates galactinol and sucrose than any other raffinose synthase previously reported. In addition raffinose synthase 5 is also working as a galactosylhydrolase, degrading galactinol, and raffinose under certain conditions. Together with raffinose synthase 4, which is predominantly a stachyose synthase, both enzymes contribute to the raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) accumulation in seeds. A double knockout in raffinose synthase 4 and raffinose synthase 5 (ΔAtRS4,5) was generated, which is devoid of RFOs in seeds. Unstressed leaves of 4 week old ΔAtRS4,5 plants showed drastically 23.8-fold increased concentrations of galactinol. Unexpectedly, raffinose appeared again in drought stressed ΔAtRS4,5 plants, but not under other abiotic stress conditions. Drought stress leads to novel transcripts of raffinose synthase 6 suggesting that this isoform is a further stress inducible raffinose synthase in Arabidopsis. ΔAtRS4,5 seeds showed a 5 days delayed germination phenotype in darkness and an elevated expression of the transcription factor phytochrome interacting factor 1 (AtPIF1) target gene AtPIF6, being a repressor of germination. This prolonged dormancy is not seen during germination in the light. Exogenous galactose partially promotes germination of ΔAtRS4,5 seeds in the dark suggesting that RFOs act as a galactose store and repress AtPIF6 transcripts.

Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; galactinol; galactose; galactosylhydrolase; galactosyltransferases; raffinose; raffinose family oligosaccharides; raffinose synthase

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