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Barrows GH, Mays ET, Christopherson WM. Human Liver Neoplasia and Steroid Exposure. Toxicol Pathol. 1982;10(2):145-149doi: 10.1177/019262338201000226.
Barrows, G. H., Mays, E. T., & Christopherson, W. M. (1982). Human Liver Neoplasia and Steroid Exposure. Toxicologic pathology, 10(2), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/019262338201000226
Barrows, George H, et al. "Human Liver Neoplasia and Steroid Exposure." Toxicologic pathology vol. 10,2 (1982): 145-149. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/019262338201000226
Barrows GH, Mays ET, Christopherson WM. Human Liver Neoplasia and Steroid Exposure. Toxicol Pathol. 1982 Feb;10(2):145-149. doi: 10.1177/019262338201000226. PMID: 28094701.
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Toxicol Pathol. 1982 Feb;10(2):145-149. doi: 10.1177/019262338201000226.

Human Liver Neoplasia and Steroid Exposure.

Toxicologic pathology

George H Barrows, E Truman Mays, William M Christopherson

Affiliations

  1. Assistant Professor of Pathology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292 and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.
  2. Clinical Professor of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40506.
  3. Professor of Pathology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292 and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202.

PMID: 28094701 DOI: 10.1177/019262338201000226

Abstract

This study examines experience with over 250 liver tumors in young women. Most were oral contraceptive related. There were two distinct benign liver tumor types: focal nodular hyperplasia and liver cell adenoma. Six benign liver tumors were examined for estrogen receptors. They did not contain significant quantities of estrogen receptor, supporting experimental studies of an epigenetic origin. Multiple tumors occurred in about 20% of cases but did not change the favorable prognosis associated with benign tumors. The most significant source of morbidity and mortality was spontaneous hemorrhage or rupture. Twenty-three women in this series had hepatocellular carcinoma and the majority of these were associated with prolonged steroid usage. These malignant liver tumors occurred in young females without cirrhosis or other factors known to be associated with hepatic malignancy. Unlike "hepatocellular carcinomas" reported in males taking anabolic androgenic steroids, the tumors in females had a high rate of metastasis to a variety of organs. The risk of liver tumors in oral contraceptive users remains unknown, but must be very small since an estimated 150 million women worldwide and 40 million in the U.S.A. have used oral contraceptives.

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