Display options
Cite
Hill SA, Masters TL, Wachter J. Gonorrhea - an evolving disease of the new millennium. Microb Cell. 2016;3(9):371-389doi: 10.15698/mic2016.09.524.
Hill, S. A., Masters, T. L., & Wachter, J. (2016). Gonorrhea - an evolving disease of the new millennium. Microbial cell (Graz, Austria), 3(9), 371-389. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2016.09.524
Hill, Stuart A, et al. "Gonorrhea - an evolving disease of the new millennium." Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) vol. 3,9 (2016): 371-389. doi: https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2016.09.524
Hill SA, Masters TL, Wachter J. Gonorrhea - an evolving disease of the new millennium. Microb Cell. 2016 Sep 05;3(9):371-389. doi: 10.15698/mic2016.09.524. PMID: 28357376; PMCID: PMC5354566.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Microb Cell. 2016 Sep 05;3(9):371-389. doi: 10.15698/mic2016.09.524.

Gonorrhea - an evolving disease of the new millennium.

Microbial cell (Graz, Austria)

Stuart A Hill, Thao L Masters, Jenny Wachter

Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435.

PMID: 28357376 PMCID: PMC5354566 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.09.524

Abstract

Etiology, transmission and protection:

Keywords: antibiotic resistance; antigenic variation; immune manipulation; panmictic; pathogenesis

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. J Clin Invest. 1982 Jul;70(1):157-67 - PubMed
  2. Appl Microbiol. 1974 Jul;28(1):70-6 - PubMed
  3. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Mar;56(3):1273-80 - PubMed
  4. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001;55:561-90 - PubMed
  5. Lancet. 1977 Nov 12;2(8046):993-5 - PubMed
  6. Infect Immun. 1980 Jun;28(3):785-91 - PubMed
  7. Vaccine. 2008 Dec 30;26 Suppl 8:I49-55 - PubMed
  8. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 Oct;74(2):204-6 - PubMed
  9. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977 Jun;11(6):1004-6 - PubMed
  10. EMBO J. 1984 Jul;3(7):1595-601 - PubMed
  11. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 21;278(47):46252-60 - PubMed
  12. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Nov;46(3):749-60 - PubMed
  13. Mol Microbiol. 1992 Jan;6(2):197-208 - PubMed
  14. J Exp Med. 1991 Dec 1;174(6):1601-5 - PubMed
  15. Science. 1977 Mar 11;195(4282):998-1000 - PubMed
  16. Infect Immun. 1981 Jun;32(3):985-94 - PubMed
  17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 22;102(47):17142-7 - PubMed
  18. Infect Immun. 1990 Jun;58(6):1891-901 - PubMed
  19. Trends Microbiol. 2003 Feb;11(2):87-93 - PubMed
  20. Mucosal Immunol. 2012 May;5(3):320-31 - PubMed
  21. Mol Microbiol. 1995 May;16(3):575-86 - PubMed
  22. Front Microbiol. 2011 Nov 15;2:224 - PubMed
  23. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1999 Jul;42(1):58-63 - PubMed
  24. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Dec 10;93(25):14851-6 - PubMed
  25. Mol Microbiol. 2008 Oct;70(2):462-78 - PubMed
  26. Nat Immunol. 2005 Oct;6(10):989-94 - PubMed
  27. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jul;150(1):44-8 - PubMed
  28. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1829-33 - PubMed
  29. Infect Immun. 2000 Feb;68(2):906-11 - PubMed
  30. J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Apr;79(4):731-8 - PubMed
  31. Cell. 1996 May 3;85(3):391-402 - PubMed
  32. Gene. 1997 Jun 11;192(1):165-9 - PubMed
  33. J Exp Med. 1971 Oct 1;134(4):886-906 - PubMed
  34. Science. 1980 Oct 31;210(4469):545-7 - PubMed
  35. EMBO J. 1991 Feb;10(2):477-88 - PubMed
  36. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015 Sep;20(3):357-60 - PubMed
  37. Infect Immun. 2005 Apr;73(4):2424-32 - PubMed
  38. J Bacteriol. 1963 Jun;85:1274-9 - PubMed
  39. Infect Immun. 2010 Apr;78(4):1629-41 - PubMed
  40. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jun;39(6):2325-9 - PubMed
  41. Sex Transm Dis. 1979 Apr-Jun;6(2):58-63 - PubMed
  42. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4384-8 - PubMed
  43. J Infect Chemother. 2002 Mar;8(1):81-6 - PubMed
  44. Infect Immun. 1978 Jul;21(1):292-302 - PubMed
  45. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Mar;59(3):1478-86 - PubMed
  46. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Feb;57(2):697-707 - PubMed
  47. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Nov;30(5):664-70 - PubMed
  48. J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):705-15 - PubMed
  49. Future Microbiol. 2012 Dec;7(12):1401-22 - PubMed
  50. MBio. 2014 Mar 04;5(2):e01004-13 - PubMed
  51. J Infect Chemother. 2007 Oct;13(5):302-4 - PubMed
  52. Infect Immun. 2015 Apr;83(4):1372-83 - PubMed
  53. J Bacteriol. 1992 Sep;174(18):5788-97 - PubMed
  54. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2010 Feb;58(1):15-25 - PubMed
  55. J Infect Chemother. 2015 May;21(5):340-5 - PubMed
  56. J Infect Dis. 1975 Aug;132(2):204-8 - PubMed
  57. BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jun 01;7:84 - PubMed
  58. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2008 Feb;9(1):9-15 - PubMed
  59. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 25;273(52):35332-8 - PubMed
  60. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Aug;67(8):1858-60 - PubMed
  61. Microbiology. 2001 Aug;147(Pt 8):2321-32 - PubMed
  62. Sex Transm Dis. 1978 Apr-Jun;5(2):51-6 - PubMed
  63. EMBO J. 2002 Apr 15;21(8):1916-29 - PubMed
  64. Cell. 1986 Oct 10;47(1):61-71 - PubMed
  65. J Immunol. 2005 Mar 15;174(6):3545-50 - PubMed
  66. Infect Immun. 1982 May;36(2):737-44 - PubMed
  67. Mucosal Immunol. 2010 May;3(3):312-21 - PubMed
  68. Bioinformatics. 2001 Dec;17(12):1230-1 - PubMed
  69. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Feb;132(2):503-12 - PubMed
  70. Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1197-201 - PubMed
  71. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Jun;58(6):3556-9 - PubMed
  72. Sex Transm Dis. 1988 Oct-Dec;15(4):217-24 - PubMed
  73. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 1;97(16):9070-5 - PubMed
  74. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Oct;55(10):4692-7 - PubMed
  75. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989 Apr;2 Suppl:S66-73 - PubMed
  76. Infect Immun. 1984 Feb;43(2):706-9 - PubMed
  77. J Bacteriol. 1968 Sep;96(3):596-605 - PubMed
  78. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jun;57(6):2849-57 - PubMed
  79. BMJ. 2014 Feb 13;348:g1538 - PubMed
  80. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003 Feb;6(1):43-9 - PubMed
  81. Sex Transm Dis. 1987 Jan-Mar;14(1):26-32 - PubMed
  82. J Infect Dis. 1980 Jul;142(1):23-31 - PubMed
  83. J Exp Med. 1997 May 5;185(9):1557-64 - PubMed
  84. Nature. 1985 May 9-15;315(6015):156-8 - PubMed
  85. EMBO J. 1989 Sep;8(9):2737-44 - PubMed
  86. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Feb 19;110(8):3065-70 - PubMed
  87. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct;17(4):965-81, table of contents - PubMed
  88. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;172(1):186-91 - PubMed
  89. Clin Immunol. 2011 Jan;138(1):33-40 - PubMed
  90. J Exp Med. 1998 Aug 17;188(4):671-80 - PubMed
  91. J Gen Microbiol. 1978 Oct;108(2):205-12 - PubMed
  92. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 27;101(30):10961-6 - PubMed
  93. J Bacteriol. 1975 Nov;124(2):740-9 - PubMed
  94. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Aug 12;6(8):e1000949 - PubMed
  95. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jan;91(1):339-43 - PubMed
  96. J Bacteriol. 1978 Apr;134(1):278-86 - PubMed
  97. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 17;95(6):3140-5 - PubMed
  98. EMBO J. 1999 Jan 15;18(2):339-52 - PubMed
  99. Nature. 1987 Jan 29-Feb 4;325(6103):458-62 - PubMed
  100. BMC Biol. 2007 Sep 07;5:35 - PubMed
  101. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 2;98(1):182-7 - PubMed
  102. Biophys J. 1984 Jan;45(1):104-7 - PubMed
  103. J Exp Med. 1996 Jan 1;183(1):323-7 - PubMed
  104. Infect Immun. 1982 Jun;36(3):1006-12 - PubMed
  105. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jul;55(7):3538-45 - PubMed
  106. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Oct;43(10):2468-72 - PubMed
  107. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 29;91(7):2456-63 - PubMed
  108. Lancet. 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):657-8 - PubMed
  109. Infect Immun. 1985 Oct;50(1):116-22 - PubMed
  110. Infect Immun. 1999 Aug;67(8):3937-46 - PubMed
  111. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999 Apr 29;354(1384):701-10 - PubMed
  112. Lancet. 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):656-7 - PubMed
  113. Vaccine. 1991 Mar;9(3):154-62 - PubMed
  114. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006 Jun;70(2):344-61 - PubMed
  115. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jun 27;312(26):1683-94 - PubMed
  116. Mol Microbiol. 2012 Oct;86(2):246-57 - PubMed
  117. Mol Microbiol. 1995 Sep;17(6):1057-71 - PubMed
  118. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014 Mar;12 (3):223-9 - PubMed
  119. Appl Microbiol. 1973 Sep;26(3):223-30 - PubMed
  120. J Immunol. 2008 May 15;180(10):6827-35 - PubMed
  121. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Dec;50(12):3823-30 - PubMed
  122. Infect Immun. 2005 Aug;73(8):5269-72 - PubMed
  123. J Exp Med. 1987 May 1;165(5):1344-57 - PubMed
  124. Sex Transm Dis. 2010 Mar;37(3):169-72 - PubMed
  125. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989 Apr;2 Suppl:S41-8 - PubMed
  126. Infect Immun. 1999 Nov;67(11):5699-708 - PubMed
  127. Mol Microbiol. 1991 Aug;5(8):1889-901 - PubMed
  128. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(18):6982-6 - PubMed
  129. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1992 Oct;2(5):805-11 - PubMed
  130. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jul;29(1):321-30 - PubMed
  131. EMBO J. 1995 May 15;14(10):2144-54 - PubMed
  132. Mol Microbiol. 1992 Sep;6(18):2617-28 - PubMed
  133. Vaccine. 1985 Mar;3(1):3-10 - PubMed
  134. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct 15;59(8):1083-91 - PubMed
  135. Infect Immun. 1978 Jan;19(1):320-31 - PubMed
  136. J Biol Chem. 2015 Aug 21;290(34):20984-94 - PubMed
  137. J Infect Dis. 1981 Mar;143(3):432-9 - PubMed
  138. Front Microbiol. 2011 May 10;2:102 - PubMed
  139. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Jan;10(1):13-21 - PubMed
  140. Infect Immun. 1983 May;40(2):816-9 - PubMed
  141. J Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 15;196(12):1804-12 - PubMed
  142. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jun 7;288(23):1221-2 - PubMed
  143. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 29;91(7):2430-5 - PubMed
  144. J Clin Invest. 1981 May;67(5):1523-31 - PubMed
  145. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 May;56(5):2739-42 - PubMed
  146. J Clin Invest. 1977 Jan;59(1):117-24 - PubMed
  147. Infect Immun. 2005 Nov;73(11):7558-68 - PubMed
  148. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Nov;30(3):657-71 - PubMed
  149. Front Microbiol. 2011 Jul 01;2:107 - PubMed
  150. PLoS One. 2013 May 21;8(5):e64794 - PubMed
  151. Sex Transm Infect. 2013 Dec;89 Suppl 4:iv52-6 - PubMed
  152. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014 Nov;44(5):443-9 - PubMed
  153. J Exp Med. 1988 Dec 1;168(6):2121-9 - PubMed
  154. Microb Pathog. 1993 Apr;14(4):315-27 - PubMed
  155. J Exp Med. 1995 Aug 1;182(2):511-7 - PubMed
  156. MBio. 2011 May 24;2(3):e00095-11 - PubMed
  157. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Jul;69(7):1866-72 - PubMed
  158. J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1341-4 - PubMed
  159. Infect Immun. 1999 Jul;67(7):3469-80 - PubMed
  160. J Bacteriol. 2004 Mar;186(5):1518-30 - PubMed
  161. Mol Microbiol. 1995 Dec;18(5):975-86 - PubMed
  162. Gene. 1997 Jun 11;192(1):125-34 - PubMed
  163. JAMA. 1983 Dec 16;250(23):3205-9 - PubMed
  164. Sex Transm Dis. 1980 Jan-Mar;7(1):1-5 - PubMed
  165. Mol Microbiol. 2005 Oct;58(2):520-32 - PubMed
  166. J Clin Invest. 1985 Nov;76(5):1765-72 - PubMed
  167. Mol Microbiol. 1999 Jun;32(6):1124-32 - PubMed
  168. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1984;38:111-33 - PubMed
  169. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Jun;65(6):1311-2 - PubMed
  170. Cell Microbiol. 2010 Mar;12(3):372-85 - PubMed
  171. J Infect Dis. 1999 Sep;180(3):762-73 - PubMed
  172. Microb Pathog. 1989 Jul;7(1):63-72 - PubMed
  173. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Sep;53(9):3744-51 - PubMed
  174. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Jan;70(1):173-7 - PubMed
  175. Lancet. 1997 Jun 28;349(9069):1868-73 - PubMed
  176. Infect Immun. 2001 Mar;69(3):1909-13 - PubMed
  177. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 9;284(2):1202-12 - PubMed
  178. EMBO J. 1997 Jun 16;16(12):3435-45 - PubMed
  179. Infect Immun. 2002 Nov;70(11):5965-71 - PubMed
  180. J Bacteriol. 1974 Dec;120(3):1284-92 - PubMed
  181. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Dec 15;241(2):129-34 - PubMed
  182. Nat Immunol. 2002 Mar;3(3):229-36 - PubMed
  183. Mol Microbiol. 1995 Jun;16(5):847-53 - PubMed
  184. J Infect Dis. 1986 Mar;153(3):520-6 - PubMed
  185. J Bacteriol. 1995 Dec;177(24):7275-9 - PubMed
  186. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Jan 31;10(3):178-90 - PubMed
  187. J Clin Invest. 1977 Nov;60(5):1149-58 - PubMed
  188. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Dec;32(12):778-84 - PubMed
  189. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Aug;1230:E19-28 - PubMed
  190. J Infect Dis. 1990 May;161(5):938-41 - PubMed
  191. Medicine (Baltimore). 1983 Nov;62(6):395-406 - PubMed
  192. Infect Immun. 1978 Jan;19(1):332-40 - PubMed
  193. J Infect Dis. 1977 Feb;135(2):243-51 - PubMed
  194. Annu Rev Genet. 2006;40:307-33 - PubMed
  195. Sex Transm Dis. 2011 Mar;38(3):158-62 - PubMed
  196. J Immunol. 2008 Mar 1;180(5):3426-35 - PubMed
  197. J Exp Med. 1994 Mar 1;179(3):911-20 - PubMed
  198. Br J Vener Dis. 1971 Dec;47(6):419-39 - PubMed
  199. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 May;51(5):873-84 - PubMed
  200. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Apr;3(2):225-36 - PubMed
  201. Genetics. 1981 Jul;98(3):467-90 - PubMed
  202. J Clin Invest. 1978 Apr;61(4):931-43 - PubMed
  203. Infect Immun. 2005 Jul;73(7):4171-9 - PubMed
  204. Infect Immun. 1977 Mar;15(3):834-41 - PubMed
  205. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Aug 15;730:7-14 - PubMed
  206. Gene. 1997 Jun 11;192(1):155-63 - PubMed
  207. N Engl J Med. 1982 Apr 22;306(16):950-4 - PubMed
  208. Mol Microbiol. 1997 Aug;25(4):639-47 - PubMed
  209. EMBO J. 2002 Feb 15;21(4):560-71 - PubMed
  210. Vaccine. 2014 Mar 20;32(14):1579-87 - PubMed
  211. EMBO J. 1991 Jun;10(6):1307-15 - PubMed
  212. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Jul;27(3):587-613 - PubMed
  213. Trends Microbiol. 1998 Dec;6(12):489-95 - PubMed
  214. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Feb;27(3):611-6 - PubMed
  215. Microbiology. 1995 Apr;141 ( Pt 4):913-20 - PubMed
  216. Genetics. 1987 Nov;117(3):391-8 - PubMed
  217. J Immunol. 2012 Apr 15;188(8):4008-22 - PubMed
  218. J Clin Invest. 1976 Nov;58(5):1163-73 - PubMed
  219. J Immunol. 1983 Sep;131(3):1443-51 - PubMed
  220. Mol Microbiol. 1996 Dec;22(5):941-50 - PubMed
  221. Infect Immun. 1982 Nov;38(2):462-70 - PubMed
  222. J Gen Microbiol. 1984 May;130(5):1303-6 - PubMed
  223. Infect Immun. 2008 May;76(5):1960-9 - PubMed
  224. J Immunol. 1985 Mar;134(3):1920-5 - PubMed
  225. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5198 - PubMed
  226. Infect Immun. 1982 Jul;37(1):359-68 - PubMed
  227. Infect Immun. 2013 Jan;81(1):33-42 - PubMed
  228. Infect Immun. 1980 Mar;27(3):882-8 - PubMed
  229. J Clin Invest. 1978 Dec;62(6):1161-71 - PubMed
  230. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985 May;15(5):539-44 - PubMed
  231. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Jul;56(7):3603-9 - PubMed
  232. EMBO J. 1993 Nov;12(11):4043-51 - PubMed
  233. Int J STD AIDS. 2013 Feb;24(2):85-92 - PubMed
  234. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009 May;33(3):521-30 - PubMed
  235. J Microbiol Methods. 2011 Dec;87(3):350-4 - PubMed
  236. JAMA. 1989 Apr 28;261(16):2357-61 - PubMed
  237. J Exp Med. 1976 Apr 1;143(4):741-58 - PubMed
  238. Cell Microbiol. 2001 Oct;3(10):681-91 - PubMed
  239. J Bacteriol. 2002 Oct;184(20):5619-24 - PubMed
  240. Mol Microbiol. 1999 Mar;31(5):1345-57 - PubMed
  241. Infect Immun. 1987 Aug;55(8):1755-61 - PubMed
  242. EMBO J. 2000 Dec 1;19(23):6408-18 - PubMed
  243. Lancet. 1982 Jan 16;1(8264):171-2 - PubMed
  244. Infect Immun. 1978 Aug;21(2):575-84 - PubMed

Publication Types