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Santiago A, Aoki C, Sullivan RM. From attachment to independence: Stress hormone control of ecologically relevant emergence of infants' responses to threat. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017;14:78-85doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.010.
Santiago, A., Aoki, C., & Sullivan, R. M. (2017). From attachment to independence: Stress hormone control of ecologically relevant emergence of infants' responses to threat. Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 1478-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.010
Santiago, Adrienne, et al. "From attachment to independence: Stress hormone control of ecologically relevant emergence of infants' responses to threat." Current opinion in behavioral sciences vol. 14 (2017): 78-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.010
Santiago A, Aoki C, Sullivan RM. From attachment to independence: Stress hormone control of ecologically relevant emergence of infants' responses to threat. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017 Apr;14:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.010. PMID: 28239630; PMCID: PMC5323260.
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Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017 Apr;14:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.010.

From attachment to independence: Stress hormone control of ecologically relevant emergence of infants' responses to threat.

Current opinion in behavioral sciences

Adrienne Santiago, Chiye Aoki, Regina M Sullivan

Affiliations

  1. Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10003; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10003; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003.
  2. Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003.

PMID: 28239630 PMCID: PMC5323260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.010

Abstract

Young infant rat pups learn to approach cues associated with pain rather than learning amygdala-dependent fear. This approach response is considered caregiver-seeking and ecologically relevant within the context of attachment. With maturation, increases in the stress hormone corticosterone permit amygdala-dependent fear, which is crucial for survival during independent living. During the developmental transition from attachment to fear learning, maternal presence suppresses corticosterone elevation to block amygdala-dependent fear learning and re-engage the attachment circuitry. Early life trauma disrupts this developmental sequence by triggering a precocious increase of corticosterone, which permits amygdala-dependent threat responses. In this review, we explore the importance of the stress hormone corticosterone in infants' transition from complete dependence on the caregiver to independence, with consideration for environmental influences on threat response ontogeny and mechanistic importance of social buffering of the stress response.

Keywords: amygdala; corticosterone; development; social buffering; stress

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