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Eisermann K, Fraizer G. The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9(4)doi: 10.3390/cancers9040032.
Eisermann, K., & Fraizer, G. (2017). The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers, 9(4), . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers9040032
Eisermann, Kurtis, and Fraizer, Gail. "The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer." Cancers vol. 9,4 (2017). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers9040032
Eisermann K, Fraizer G. The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2017 Apr 10;9(4). doi: 10.3390/cancers9040032. PMID: 28394264; PMCID: PMC5406707.
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Cancers (Basel). 2017 Apr 10;9(4). doi: 10.3390/cancers9040032.

The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer.

Cancers

Kurtis Eisermann, Gail Fraizer

Affiliations

  1. School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA. [email protected].
  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA. [email protected].

PMID: 28394264 PMCID: PMC5406707 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040032

Abstract

Prostate cancer progression is controlled by the androgen receptor and new blood vessel formation, or angiogenesis, which promotes metastatic prostate cancer growth. Angiogenesis is induced by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is regulated by many factors in the tumor microenvironment including lowered oxygen levels and elevated androgens. Here we review evidence delineating hormone mediated mechanisms of VEGF regulation, including novel interactions between the androgen receptor (AR), epigenetic and zinc-finger transcription factors, AR variants and the hypoxia factor, HIF-1. The relevance of describing the impact of both hormones and hypoxia on VEGF expression and angiogenesis is revealed in recent reports of clinical therapies targeting both VEGF and AR signaling pathways. A better understanding of the complexities of VEGF expression could lead to improved targeting and increased survival time for a subset of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Keywords: AR; CRPC; VEGF; androgen receptor; angiogenesis; hypoxia; prostate cancer

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