Display options
Cite
Orellana JA, Cerpa W, Carvajal MF, et al. New Implications for the Melanocortin System in Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Adolescents: The Glial Dysfunction Hypothesis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:90doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00090.
Orellana, J. A., Cerpa, W., Carvajal, M. F., Lerma-Cabrera, J. M., Karahanian, E., Osorio-Fuentealba, C., & Quintanilla, R. A. (2017). New Implications for the Melanocortin System in Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Adolescents: The Glial Dysfunction Hypothesis. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00090
Orellana, Juan A, et al. "New Implications for the Melanocortin System in Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Adolescents: The Glial Dysfunction Hypothesis." Frontiers in cellular neuroscience vol. 11 (2017): 90. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00090
Orellana JA, Cerpa W, Carvajal MF, Lerma-Cabrera JM, Karahanian E, Osorio-Fuentealba C, Quintanilla RA. New Implications for the Melanocortin System in Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Adolescents: The Glial Dysfunction Hypothesis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Apr 05;11:90. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00090. eCollection 2017. PMID: 28424592; PMCID: PMC5380733.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Apr 05;11:90. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00090. eCollection 2017.

New Implications for the Melanocortin System in Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Adolescents: The Glial Dysfunction Hypothesis.

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

Juan A Orellana, Waldo Cerpa, Maria F Carvajal, José M Lerma-Cabrera, Eduardo Karahanian, Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba, Rodrigo A Quintanilla

Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en AdolescentesSantiago, Chile.
  2. Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile.
  3. Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile.
  4. Unidad de Neurociencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile.
  5. Facultad de Kinesiología, Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la EducaciónSantiago, Chile.
  6. Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile.

PMID: 28424592 PMCID: PMC5380733 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00090

Abstract

Alcohol dependence causes physical, social, and moral harms and currently represents an important public health concern. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), alcoholism is the third leading cause of death worldwide, after tobacco consumption and hypertension. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown a growing trend in alcohol abuse among adolescents, characterized by the consumption of large doses of alcohol over a short time period. Since brain development is an ongoing process during adolescence, short- and long-term brain damage associated with drinking behavior could lead to serious consequences for health and wellbeing. Accumulating evidence indicates that alcohol impairs the function of different components of the melanocortin system, a major player involved in the consolidation of addictive behaviors during adolescence and adulthood. Here, we hypothesize the possible implications of melanocortins and glial cells in the onset and progression of alcohol addiction. In particular, we propose that alcohol-induced decrease in α-MSH levels may trigger a cascade of glial inflammatory pathways that culminate in altered gliotransmission in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens (NAc). The latter might potentiate dopaminergic drive in the NAc, contributing to increase the vulnerability to alcohol dependence and addiction in the adolescence and adulthood.

Keywords: alcohol drinking; melanocortins; metabolism and bioenergetics; neuroinflammation; synaptic dysfunction

References

  1. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Nov 19;384(2-3):139-46 - PubMed
  2. J Immunol. 2009 Oct 1;183(7):4733-44 - PubMed
  3. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Feb 27;432(3):232-6 - PubMed
  4. Neurochem Int. 2004 Dec;45(7):971-8 - PubMed
  5. Addict Biol. 2011 Jul;16(3):377-85 - PubMed
  6. J Neurochem. 2001 Jan;76(2):472-9 - PubMed
  7. Biochem J. 2010 May 27;428(3):305-24 - PubMed
  8. J Immunol. 2005 Nov 15;175(10):6893-9 - PubMed
  9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 20;102(51):18632-7 - PubMed
  10. J Neurochem. 1998 Mar;70(3):958-70 - PubMed
  11. Brain Res. 1979 Oct 26;176(1):101-23 - PubMed
  12. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Apr;38(4):897-910 - PubMed
  13. Biomolecules. 2015 Sep 29;5(4):2223-46 - PubMed
  14. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1021:234-44 - PubMed
  15. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2008 Apr;5(2):321-31 - PubMed
  16. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Jul;36(7):1117-25 - PubMed
  17. Nat Neurosci. 2006 Jan;9(1):15-6 - PubMed
  18. Brain Res. 1992 Mar 27;576(1):49-58 - PubMed
  19. Nat Genet. 2000 Sep;26(1):97-102 - PubMed
  20. Front Behav Neurosci. 2016 Mar 11;10:46 - PubMed
  21. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Jan;23(1):164-8 - PubMed
  22. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 30;670(2-3):479-86 - PubMed
  23. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 3;284(27):18143-51 - PubMed
  24. Addict Biol. 2011 Jan;16(1):43-54 - PubMed
  25. Peptides. 1984 Jul-Aug;5(4):721-7 - PubMed
  26. Neurobiol Aging. 2014 Mar;35(3):537-47 - PubMed
  27. Diabetes. 1981 Dec;30(12):1000-7 - PubMed
  28. Physiol Behav. 2004 Aug;82(1):175-80 - PubMed
  29. J Leukoc Biol. 1998 Jun;63(6):740-5 - PubMed
  30. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Sep;17(9):576-91 - PubMed
  31. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57313 - PubMed
  32. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016 Dec 20;10:288 - PubMed
  33. Exp Neurol. 2008 Apr;210(2):349-58 - PubMed
  34. Brain Sci. 2016 Aug 16;6(3): - PubMed
  35. Adv Psychosom Med. 2006;27:1-23 - PubMed
  36. J Neuroimmunol. 2009 Jan 3;206(1-2):44-51 - PubMed
  37. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jun;25 Suppl 1:S29-38 - PubMed
  38. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Dec;75(12):6300-4 - PubMed
  39. Addiction. 2011 Mar;106(3):555-63 - PubMed
  40. Neuropeptides. 2003 Dec;37(6):338-44 - PubMed
  41. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1442-4 - PubMed
  42. J Neurosci. 2003 Oct 8;23(27):9254-62 - PubMed
  43. Neuropeptides. 1990 Mar;15(3):139-41 - PubMed
  44. Indian J Med Res. 2007 Mar;125(3):373-88 - PubMed
  45. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012 Jan 2;348(1):47-54 - PubMed
  46. Brain Res. 2007 Oct 31;1178:28-37 - PubMed
  47. J Neurosci. 2010 Jun 16;30(24):8285-95 - PubMed
  48. Glia. 2012 May;60(6):948-64 - PubMed
  49. J Med Chem. 2006 Jul 13;49(14):4035-43 - PubMed
  50. Behav Brain Res. 2005 Jun 3;161(1):133-40 - PubMed
  51. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Feb;34(2):214-22 - PubMed
  52. Glia. 2013 Aug;61(8):1206-17 - PubMed
  53. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jan 1;373(1):23-34 - PubMed
  54. Neurotoxicology. 2015 Mar;47:62-71 - PubMed
  55. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1828(1):4-14 - PubMed
  56. Glia. 2005 Jun;50(4):427-34 - PubMed
  57. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Oct 19;369(1654):20130608 - PubMed
  58. Nat Neurosci. 2005 May;8(5):579-84 - PubMed
  59. Glia. 2015 Nov;63(11):2058-2072 - PubMed
  60. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Feb 15;239:51-4 - PubMed
  61. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2001;17(3):153-68 - PubMed
  62. Cell Calcium. 2003 Jan;33(1):37-48 - PubMed
  63. Prog Neurobiol. 2017 Jan;148:40-56 - PubMed
  64. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Nov;28(11):1752-7 - PubMed
  65. Cell Metab. 2006 Feb;3(2):141-6 - PubMed
  66. Glia. 2015 May;63(5):795-811 - PubMed
  67. J Clin Invest. 2001 Oct;108(7):1079-85 - PubMed
  68. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 May;38(5):1307-14 - PubMed
  69. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 18;283(16):10347-56 - PubMed
  70. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Jun;34(6):1110-7 - PubMed
  71. Glia. 2013 Jul;61(7):1113-21 - PubMed
  72. Science. 1989 Mar 31;243(4899):1721-4 - PubMed
  73. J Neurosci. 1997 Mar 15;17(6):2181-6 - PubMed
  74. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2014;118:81-103 - PubMed
  75. Nature. 1993 Jan 7;361(6407):31-9 - PubMed
  76. Brain Res. 2004 Jan 2;995(1):7-13 - PubMed
  77. Lancet. 2016 Jun 11;387(10036):2383-401 - PubMed
  78. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Aug;6(8):626-40 - PubMed
  79. Endocrinology. 2006 Mar;147(3):1126-35 - PubMed
  80. Prog Brain Res. 2008;169:97-115 - PubMed
  81. Neurochem Res. 2010 Apr;35(4):651-9 - PubMed
  82. eNeuro. 2016 Oct 31;3(5): - PubMed
  83. Brain Res. 1995 Aug 7;688(1-2):27-33 - PubMed
  84. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 05;8(8):e71056 - PubMed
  85. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Jun;939:23-7 - PubMed
  86. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Oct 20;885:1-21 - PubMed
  87. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Nov;34(11):1835-42 - PubMed
  88. Glia. 2017 Jan;65(1):122-137 - PubMed
  89. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2003 Nov 12;145(2):249-62 - PubMed
  90. Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):683-5 - PubMed
  91. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Feb;38(3):437-45 - PubMed
  92. Sci Transl Med. 2016 Oct 26;8(362):362ra146 - PubMed
  93. Endocrinology. 1978 Apr;102(4):1283-91 - PubMed
  94. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Jan 1;236(1):270-282 - PubMed
  95. J Neurosci Res. 2005 Jun 1;80(5):655-66 - PubMed
  96. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Sep;45:1-8 - PubMed
  97. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Dec;28(11):2173-82 - PubMed
  98. Nat Neurosci. 2005 May;8(5):571-8 - PubMed
  99. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1085-95 - PubMed
  100. Sci Rep. 2015 Oct 28;5:15812 - PubMed
  101. Glia. 2002 Nov;40(2):140-55 - PubMed
  102. Physiology (Bethesda). 2005 Aug;20:260-70 - PubMed
  103. Neurochem Int. 2012 May;60(6):640-51 - PubMed
  104. Neuron. 2008 Nov 6;60(3):430-40 - PubMed
  105. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):745-50 - PubMed
  106. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Apr;34(4):693-701 - PubMed
  107. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2011 Jan-Feb;48(1):19-47 - PubMed
  108. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Mar;19(3):432-42 - PubMed
  109. Neurobiol Dis. 2008 Aug;31(2):218-29 - PubMed
  110. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 28;107(52):22659-64 - PubMed
  111. Neuropharmacology. 2012 Jun;62(7):2430-9 - PubMed
  112. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 Jun;29(6):712-24 - PubMed
  113. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Dec 15;52(12):1121-33 - PubMed
  114. Glia. 2012 May;60(5):728-37 - PubMed
  115. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jun;25 Suppl 1:S165-9 - PubMed
  116. J Neurochem. 2012 Jan;120(2):292-301 - PubMed
  117. J Neurosci. 2003 Aug 6;23(18):7143-54 - PubMed
  118. J Neurosci. 2013 Jan 9;33(2):464-72 - PubMed
  119. Alcohol. 2004 Jun;33(2):91-7 - PubMed
  120. Biochemistry. 2011 Apr 19;50(15):3048-61 - PubMed
  121. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Feb;32(2):266-76 - PubMed
  122. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1993 Jul;9(2):129-46 - PubMed
  123. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Jun 11;660(1):2-12 - PubMed
  124. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010 Sep 14;10:1840-53 - PubMed
  125. Regul Pept. 2001 May 5;99(1):1-7 - PubMed
  126. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014 Oct 30;8:366 - PubMed
  127. Neurosci Lett. 2015 Aug 5;601:11-9 - PubMed
  128. Neuroscience. 1990;39(1):151-70 - PubMed
  129. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Nov;24(11):1712-23 - PubMed
  130. Brain Res. 2011 Jul 21;1402:1-8 - PubMed
  131. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 Jun;35(6):1058-66 - PubMed
  132. Circulation. 2000 Jul 4;102(1):42-7 - PubMed
  133. Nat Genet. 1998 Oct;20(2):113-4 - PubMed
  134. Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1980;16:69-83 - PubMed
  135. Peptides. 2006 Feb;27(2):365-71 - PubMed
  136. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2000;14(1):69-89 - PubMed
  137. Nature. 1997 Jan 9;385(6612):165-8 - PubMed
  138. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Dec 6;409(3):168-72 - PubMed
  139. Behav Brain Res. 2012 Sep 1;234(1):51-60 - PubMed
  140. Neuropharmacology. 2015 Oct;97:67-74 - PubMed
  141. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 4;65:321-9 - PubMed
  142. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jun;25 Suppl 1:S120-8 - PubMed
  143. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003 Nov;4(11):901-9 - PubMed
  144. EMBO Rep. 2012 Dec;13(12):1079-86 - PubMed
  145. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Feb;38(2):384-91 - PubMed
  146. Glia. 2013 Jan;61(1):24-36 - PubMed
  147. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 Nov 04;8:348 - PubMed
  148. Synapse. 1995 Dec;21(4):289-98 - PubMed
  149. J Neurosci. 2007 Dec 12;27(50):13781-92 - PubMed
  150. Exp Cell Res. 2007 Oct 15;313(17):3779-88 - PubMed
  151. Cell. 1997 Jan 10;88(1):131-41 - PubMed
  152. J Neurochem. 2008 Jul;106(2):625-39 - PubMed
  153. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jan;8(1):57-69 - PubMed
  154. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Nov;39(12):2835-45 - PubMed
  155. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Nov;31(11):1858-65 - PubMed
  156. Bioessays. 2009 Sep;31(9):953-74 - PubMed
  157. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Sep 16;263(1):251-6 - PubMed
  158. Neurochem Res. 2016 Feb;41(1-2):193-209 - PubMed
  159. J Physiol. 2016 Sep 15;594(18):5285-301 - PubMed
  160. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Mar 4;406(1):47-52 - PubMed
  161. Pflugers Arch. 2010 Jul;460(2):525-42 - PubMed
  162. Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):841-5 - PubMed
  163. Pharmacol Rev. 2010 Sep;62(3):405-96 - PubMed
  164. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Dec;32(12):2149-60 - PubMed
  165. Alcohol. 2010 Feb;44(1):57-66 - PubMed
  166. Neuropeptides. 2015 Feb;49:55-61 - PubMed
  167. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Dec 16;334(3):186-90 - PubMed
  168. J Neurochem. 2013 Jul;126(2):261-73 - PubMed
  169. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Jul 29;361(1471):1265-74 - PubMed
  170. BMC Neurosci. 2008 Dec 03;9 Suppl 2:S8 - PubMed
  171. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996 Sep;20(6):1016-22 - PubMed
  172. J Biol Chem. 2013 May 17;288(20):14599-611 - PubMed
  173. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Aug 23;329(1):21-4 - PubMed
  174. Front Neurosci. 2014 Jun 03;8:128 - PubMed
  175. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 11;100(23):13644-9 - PubMed
  176. Brain Pathol. 2004 Oct;14(4):365-71 - PubMed
  177. Brain Res. 2008 Jun 24;1216:53-67 - PubMed
  178. J Neurosci. 2016 Apr 27;36(17):4785-801 - PubMed
  179. Physiol Rev. 2011 Apr;91(2):461-553 - PubMed
  180. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 09;8(8):e70945 - PubMed
  181. Neuroendocrinology. 2004;79(5):278-86 - PubMed
  182. Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jul;99(1):79-94 - PubMed
  183. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Aug;10(6):211-216 - PubMed
  184. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2007 May;4(2):131-42 - PubMed
  185. J Leukoc Biol. 2013 Jul;94(1):171-82 - PubMed
  186. Br J Nutr. 2011 Dec;106 Suppl 3:S5-78 - PubMed
  187. Front Biosci. 2007 Jan 01;12:2616-30 - PubMed
  188. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017 Mar 9;52(2):172-179 - PubMed
  189. Brain Res. 2001 May 11;900(2):219-26 - PubMed
  190. Glia. 2013 Dec;61(12):2023-37 - PubMed
  191. Endocrinology. 2007 Oct;148(10):4918-26 - PubMed
  192. Neuropharmacology. 2006 Dec;51(7-8):1099-108 - PubMed
  193. J Neurochem. 1993 May;60(5):1682-9 - PubMed
  194. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1458-63 - PubMed
  195. Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Dec;144(3):321-37 - PubMed
  196. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 21;103(12):4475-80 - PubMed
  197. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2004 Jan;84(1):1-27 - PubMed
  198. FASEB J. 2005 Oct;19(12):1680-2 - PubMed
  199. Brain Res Bull. 2002 Oct 30;59(2):97-104 - PubMed
  200. Neuroreport. 2004 Mar 22;15(4):681-5 - PubMed
  201. EMBO J. 2006 Nov 1;25(21):5071-82 - PubMed
  202. Front Pharmacol. 2013 Nov 21;4:144 - PubMed
  203. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Aug;23(4):559-63 - PubMed
  204. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;279(6):E1358-65 - PubMed
  205. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011 May;14(3):237-42 - PubMed
  206. J Neuroinflammation. 2012 Jan 12;9:5 - PubMed
  207. FEBS Lett. 2007 Feb 6;581(3):483-8 - PubMed
  208. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:216402 - PubMed
  209. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119(9):1303-18 - PubMed
  210. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011 Sep-Oct;46(5):529-33 - PubMed
  211. FASEB J. 2002 Feb;16(2):255-7 - PubMed
  212. Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jan;15(1):164-71 - PubMed
  213. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jun;81(6):2285-90 - PubMed
  214. Prev Med. 2005 Jan;40(1):23-32 - PubMed
  215. Cortex. 2015 Jan;62:119-57 - PubMed
  216. Front Integr Neurosci. 2016 Jul 20;10:26 - PubMed
  217. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Aug;23(4):513-20 - PubMed
  218. Cell Tissue Res. 1979;204(1):1-15 - PubMed
  219. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 Sep 09;8(1):a020560 - PubMed
  220. Exp Neurol. 2006 Aug;200(2):438-59 - PubMed
  221. J Neurosci. 2009 May 27;29(21):7092-7 - PubMed
  222. Neurotoxicology. 2001 Oct;22(5):619-24 - PubMed
  223. Biochem J. 2012 Apr 1;443(1):3-11 - PubMed
  224. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 May;72(1-2):491-6 - PubMed
  225. J Adolesc Health. 2004 Dec;35(6):529.e7-18 - PubMed
  226. J Clin Invest. 2000 Jul;106(2):253-62 - PubMed
  227. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Oct 20;885:173-82 - PubMed
  228. Neuroscience. 2015 Feb 12;286:45-59 - PubMed
  229. Alcohol. 2001 Feb;23(2):63-9 - PubMed
  230. Acta Histochem. 2011 May;113(3):283-9 - PubMed
  231. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Oct;8(10):1289-91 - PubMed
  232. Toxicology. 2015 Aug 6;334:104-10 - PubMed
  233. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jun;25 Suppl 1:S92-S105 - PubMed
  234. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015 Apr;39(4):650-8 - PubMed
  235. FEBS Lett. 2006 Jan 9;580(1):239-44 - PubMed
  236. Diabetes. 2010 Feb;59(2):337-46 - PubMed
  237. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 Apr 02;9:102 - PubMed
  238. FEBS Lett. 1995 Mar 13;361(1):51-4 - PubMed
  239. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Feb;11(2):98-107 - PubMed
  240. Am J Physiol. 1991 Jun;260(6 Pt 2):R1058-65 - PubMed
  241. Curr Med Chem. 2014;21(19):2165-82 - PubMed
  242. J Immunol. 2001 May 15;166(10):6383-91 - PubMed
  243. J Neurosci. 2011 Mar 30;31(13):4962-77 - PubMed
  244. Glia. 2015 Oct;63(10):1694-713 - PubMed
  245. J Neuroinflammation. 2017 Jan 25;14(1):22 - PubMed
  246. Endocrinology. 2007 Apr;148(4):1550-60 - PubMed
  247. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1481-9 - PubMed
  248. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;296(1):E11-21 - PubMed
  249. Neuroendocrinology. 1995 Jul;62(1):39-46 - PubMed
  250. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 28;281(30):21362-8 - PubMed
  251. J Clin Invest. 2006 Jul;116(7):1761-6 - PubMed
  252. J Neuroinflammation. 2012 Jun 18;9:130 - PubMed
  253. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 20;9(8):e104699 - PubMed
  254. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51767 - PubMed
  255. Brain Pathol. 2012 May;22(3):295-306 - PubMed
  256. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 5;277(14):11910-7 - PubMed
  257. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Nov 1;218(2):142-4 - PubMed
  258. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Mar;56(1):1-29 - PubMed
  259. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:173-84 - PubMed
  260. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002 Sep-Oct;37(5):421-6 - PubMed
  261. Cell Death Differ. 2016 Oct;23(10):1691-701 - PubMed
  262. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Nov;70:4-12 - PubMed
  263. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Apr 26;19(6):656-664 - PubMed
  264. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):8856-60 - PubMed
  265. Channels (Austin). 2011 May-Jun;5(3):193-7 - PubMed
  266. Neuroscience. 1996 Sep;74(2):313-22 - PubMed
  267. Open J Apoptosis. 2012 Jul;1(2): - PubMed
  268. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Jan;29(1):38-45 - PubMed
  269. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1021:448-52 - PubMed
  270. J Sch Health. 2012 Aug;82(8):371-9 - PubMed
  271. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Jul;99(1):338-43 - PubMed
  272. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 Oct 15;8:326 - PubMed
  273. J Neurosci. 2014 Aug 20;34(34):11228-32 - PubMed
  274. Neuroscience. 2011 May 19;182:162-8 - PubMed
  275. Lancet. 2011 Jun 18;377(9783):2093-102 - PubMed
  276. Trends Neurosci. 2009 Aug;32(8):421-31 - PubMed
  277. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Feb;52(2):459-66 - PubMed
  278. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016 Sep 22;9:86 - PubMed
  279. Hippocampus. 2000;10(1):88-93 - PubMed
  280. Neurochem Int. 2008 May;52(6):1061-7 - PubMed
  281. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013 Sep;110:66-74 - PubMed
  282. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:449-61 - PubMed
  283. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Aug;14 Suppl 5:250S-253S - PubMed
  284. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006 Nov;30(11):1845-55 - PubMed
  285. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007 Feb;86(2):189-99 - PubMed
  286. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Mar 1;12(5):561-74 - PubMed
  287. Neuropeptides. 2006 Feb;40(1):65-75 - PubMed
  288. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Nov;61(5):941-5 - PubMed
  289. J Neurochem. 2011 Sep;118(5):826-40 - PubMed
  290. Neurotox Res. 2005 Nov;8(3-4):267-76 - PubMed
  291. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1828(1):79-93 - PubMed
  292. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2014;118:1-12 - PubMed
  293. J Neurochem. 1995 Dec;65(6):2561-70 - PubMed
  294. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016 Sep;40(9):1802-16 - PubMed
  295. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 Dec 02;8:403 - PubMed
  296. J Neurochem. 2009 Feb;108(4):920-31 - PubMed
  297. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Mar;37(3):399-406 - PubMed
  298. Nat Genet. 1998 Oct;20(2):111-2 - PubMed
  299. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Aug;10(8):487-94 - PubMed
  300. Peptides. 2003 Apr;24(4):603-9 - PubMed
  301. J Comp Neurol. 2003 Mar 10;457(3):213-35 - PubMed
  302. J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 6;287(15):12250-66 - PubMed
  303. Neuroscience. 2016 Jun 21;326:117-125 - PubMed
  304. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 15;265(23):13427-30 - PubMed
  305. J Mol Neurosci. 2007;33(3):239-51 - PubMed
  306. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;67(10):1069-77 - PubMed
  307. Immunity. 2007 Apr;26(4):433-43 - PubMed
  308. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 Aug 01;8:216 - PubMed
  309. Annu Rev Biochem. 2006;75:19-37 - PubMed
  310. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Feb;37(2):252-62 - PubMed
  311. J Neurochem. 1984 Jul;43(1):131-8 - PubMed
  312. Trends Neurosci. 2008 Jul;31(7):353-60 - PubMed
  313. J Clin Invest. 2007 Nov;117(11):3475-88 - PubMed
  314. Addict Biol. 2012 Jan;17(1):108-20 - PubMed
  315. Diabetes Res. 1987 May;5(1):23-7 - PubMed
  316. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;681:29-48 - PubMed
  317. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan;35(1):147-68 - PubMed
  318. Physiol Rev. 2009 Apr;89(2):649-705 - PubMed

Publication Types