Front Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 02;8:296. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00296. eCollection 2017.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors: Do They Have a Therapeutic Potential in Cardiac Fibrosis?.
Frontiers in pharmacology
Ambra Vestri, Federica Pierucci, Alessia Frati, Lucia Monaco, Elisabetta Meacci
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Molecular and Applied Biology Research Unit, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.
- Interuniversity Institutes of MyologyFirenze, Italy.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy.
PMID: 28626422
PMCID: PMC5454082 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00296
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that is characterized by a peculiar mechanism of action. In fact, S1P, which is produced inside the cell, can act as an intracellular mediator, whereas after its export outside the cell, it can act as ligand of specific G-protein coupled receptors, which were initially named endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) and eventually renamed sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs). Among the five S1PR subtypes, S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR3 isoforms show broad tissue gene expression, while S1PR4 is primarily expressed in immune system cells, and S1PR5 is expressed in the central nervous system. There is accumulating evidence for the important role of S1P as a mediator of many processes, such as angiogenesis, carcinogenesis and immunity, and, ultimately, fibrosis. After a tissue injury, the imbalance between the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and its degradation, which occurs due to chronic inflammatory conditions, leads to an accumulation of ECM and, consequential, organ dysfunction. In these pathological conditions, many factors have been described to act as pro- and anti-fibrotic agents, including S1P. This bioactive lipid exhibits both pro- and anti-fibrotic effects, depending on its site of action. In this review, after a brief description of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling, we emphasize the involvement of the S1P/S1PR axis and the downstream signaling pathways in the development of fibrosis. The current knowledge of the therapeutic potential of S1PR subtype modulators in the treatment of the cardiac functions and fibrinogenesis are also examined.
Keywords: G-coupled receptor; cardiac fibrosis; cardiomyocytes; collagen accumulation; matrix metalloproteinases; sphingolipids; sphingosine 1-phosphate
References
- J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 24;279(52):53994-4001 - PubMed
- Transplant Proc. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):143-5 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Dec;1832(12):2271-6 - PubMed
- Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 21;6:24747 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Nov;9(11):883-97 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;3(5):349-63 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2009 May 1;82(2):303-12 - PubMed
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Dec 5;696(1-3):120-9 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Sep;12(9):688-702 - PubMed
- Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;40(6):1345-1353 - PubMed
- Circulation. 2012 Aug 14;126(7):840-50 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2004 Aug 15;63(3):423-32 - PubMed
- Curr Opin Cardiol. 2016 May;31(3):249-54 - PubMed
- Circulation. 2006 May 2;113(17):2089-96 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Feb 1;89(2):265-72 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2013 May 24;288(21):14839-51 - PubMed
- EMBO J. 2014 Jul 17;33(14 ):1565-81 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001 Sep;33(9):1589-606 - PubMed
- Annu Rev Biochem. 2013;82:637-62 - PubMed
- Genomics. 1998 Oct 15;53(2):164-9 - PubMed
- Discov Med. 2011 Sep;12(64):213-28 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):H1753-61 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13839-48 - PubMed
- J Cell Mol Med. 2005 Jul-Sep;9(3):704-13 - PubMed
- Physiol Rev. 2007 Oct;87(4):1285-342 - PubMed
- J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Sep;55(9):1051-60 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):H1193-9 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 20;279(34):35255-62 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 May;1841(5):759-65 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 27;276(30):28578-85 - PubMed
- J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Mar 1;35(3):569-82 - PubMed
- Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Apr;77(4):704-13 - PubMed
- Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2013;(215):239-53 - PubMed
- Chem Biol. 2006 Nov;13(11):1227-34 - PubMed
- J Cell Physiol. 2010 Nov;225(3):631-7 - PubMed
- Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Feb;170:192-204 - PubMed
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 23;109 (43):17615-20 - PubMed
- Science. 2009 Sep 4;325(5945):1254-7 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 1999 Oct 15;59(20):5370-5 - PubMed
- FASEB J. 2013 Apr;27(4):1749-60 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2009 May 1;82(2):193-200 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Jun;282(6):H1970-7 - PubMed
- Biochem J. 2012 Nov 1;447(3):457-64 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Nov;293(5):H3150-8 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 10;278(41):40330-6 - PubMed
- J Clin Invest. 2015 Apr;125(4):1379-87 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001 Sep;33(9):1713-7 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2006 Mar 31;98(6):730-42 - PubMed
- Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;75(3):831-41 - PubMed
- J Cell Physiol. 2012 Feb;227(2):850-6 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 7;276(36):33697-704 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2014 Oct 1;104(1):61-71 - PubMed
- Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Mar-Apr;33(2):91-101 - PubMed
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 7;108(23):9613-8 - PubMed
- Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;147(2):164-74 - PubMed
- Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014 Jan 15;7(2):565-74 - PubMed
- Circulation. 2005 Aug 23;112(8):1136-44 - PubMed
- Cancer Res. 2009 Nov 15;69(22):8686-92 - PubMed
- Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;39(3):827-36 - PubMed
- J Neuroimmunol. 2009 Nov 30;216(1-2):59-65 - PubMed
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2011;2011:961059 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2015 Jun 12;290(24):14841-51 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 May 23;1582(1-3):112-20 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Sep;1781(9):483-8 - PubMed
- Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;7(2):186-92 - PubMed
- Basic Res Cardiol. 2011 Nov;106(6):1341-53 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2013 Jan 4;112(1):195-208 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014 Dec;18(12):1355-65 - PubMed
- J Cell Mol Med. 2014 Mar;18(3):415-21 - PubMed
- FEBS Lett. 1997 Nov 17;417(3):279-82 - PubMed
- J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Nov;335(2):266-72 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2016 Feb 1;310(3):C216-26 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2009 Jan 30;104(2):170-8, 6p following 178 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2016 Jan 8;118(1):108-18 - PubMed
- Exp Cell Res. 2015 May 1;333(2):195-200 - PubMed
- Oncotarget. 2017 Apr 11;8(15):25005-25020 - PubMed
- Adv Biol Regul. 2016 Jan;60:151-9 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 8;277(10):7996-8003 - PubMed
- Diabetes. 2016 Mar;65(3):768-79 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Apr 1;82(1):21-9 - PubMed
- Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;612:88-103 - PubMed
- Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Nov;74(5):1308-18 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010 Mar;48(3):445-53 - PubMed
- Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 27;6:24939 - PubMed
- J Clin Invest. 2009 Jul;119(7):1871-9 - PubMed
- Kidney Int. 2007 Jun;71(12):1223-31 - PubMed
- Ann Neurol. 2011 May;69(5):759-77 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1831(1):203-12 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 9;279(28):29367-73 - PubMed
- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1084-8 - PubMed
- J Clin Invest. 2000 Oct;106(8):951-61 - PubMed
- Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;44(12):2152-60 - PubMed
- Annu Rev Physiol. 1991;53:179-200 - PubMed
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 28;361(3):621-8 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Apr 1;58(1):170-7 - PubMed
- Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Aug;171(15):3575-94 - PubMed
- EBioMedicine. 2016 Sep;11:138-150 - PubMed
- Kidney Int. 2006 May;69(9):1601-8 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014 May;70:9-18 - PubMed
- Oncotarget. 2014 May 15;5(9):2792-806 - PubMed
- J Neurosci. 2011 Oct 12;31(41):14820-30 - PubMed
- Am J Pathol. 2007 Jan;170(1):281-92 - PubMed
- Mol Endocrinol. 2015 Jan;29(1):53-67 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Jun;292(6):H2944-51 - PubMed
- Circulation. 2016 Mar 8;133(10):954-66 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010 Jan;7(1):48-58 - PubMed
- Trends Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;22(1):50-60 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 4;285(23):17442-52 - PubMed
- J Med Chem. 2016 Nov 10;59(21):9837-9854 - PubMed
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Aug 5;476(4):627-34 - PubMed
- Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2012;297:45-81 - PubMed
- Physiol Rev. 2013 Jan;93(1):405-80 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2006 Feb 15;69(3):562-73 - PubMed
- Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Jan;174(1):15-27 - PubMed
- J Cell Mol Med. 2012 Mar;16(3):507-19 - PubMed
- Nature. 2000 Jul 13;406(6792):192-5 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 7;275(1):288-96 - PubMed
- Am Heart J. 2014 Nov;168(5):632-44 - PubMed
- Am J Transl Res. 2017 Mar 15;9(3):1213-1221 - PubMed
- PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52985 - PubMed
- Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Aug;28(8):1454-61 - PubMed
- J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 5;265(16):9308-13 - PubMed
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):H1429-35 - PubMed
- Drug Discov Today. 2008 Aug;13(15-16):640-51 - PubMed
- Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Apr;1160:269-77 - PubMed
- Heart Vessels. 2016 Oct;31(10 ):1696-708 - PubMed
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 2;105(35):13027-32 - PubMed
- Biochemistry. 2001 Nov 20;40(46):14053-60 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1831(1):239-50 - PubMed
- Mol Cell Biochem. 1993 Sep 8;126(1):49-59 - PubMed
- J Cell Physiol. 2013 Jul;228(7):1433-42 - PubMed
- J Lipid Res. 2009 Mar;50(3):556-64 - PubMed
- Biosci Rep. 2016 Nov 29;36(6):null - PubMed
- Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):980-4 - PubMed
- J Lipid Res. 2014 Aug;55(8):1596-608 - PubMed
- J Med Chem. 2002 Oct 10;45(21):4629-38 - PubMed
- Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):58-67 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2010 Feb 1;85(3):484-93 - PubMed
- J Clin Invest. 2016 Jan;126(1):254-65 - PubMed
- J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Dec;50(6):660-9 - PubMed
- Mol Ther. 2014 May;22(5):974-85 - PubMed
- FASEB J. 2011 Nov;25(11):4024-36 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1831(1):193-202 - PubMed
- Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010 Dec;43(6):662-73 - PubMed
- J Neurol. 2014 Feb;261(2):267-76 - PubMed
- Clin Sci (Lond). 2014 Apr;126(7):497-506 - PubMed
- Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Aug;123(2):255-78 - PubMed
- Biol Chem. 2015 Jun;396(6-7):813-25 - PubMed
- J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 May 20;5(5):null - PubMed
- Nat Chem Biol. 2006 Aug;2(8):434-41 - PubMed
- PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35129 - PubMed
- J Med Chem. 2010 Apr 22;53(8):3154-68 - PubMed
- Nat Med. 2012 Jul 06;18(7):1028-40 - PubMed
- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):851-5 - PubMed
- Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1831(1):185-92 - PubMed
- Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Jul 15;16(14):3684-7 - PubMed
- Eur Heart J. 2012 Sep;33(18):2360-9 - PubMed
- Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Feb;19(2):177-191 - PubMed
- Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Feb;71(4):549-74 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2010 Jun 11;106(11):1675-80 - PubMed
- Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;14 (5):591-8 - PubMed
- Nat Med. 2007 May;13(5):613-8 - PubMed
- Circ Res. 2013 Oct 25;113(10):1138-47 - PubMed
- Heart Fail Rev. 2004 Jan;9(1):53-61 - PubMed
- Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2016;26(4):455-70 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010 Jan;7(1):30-7 - PubMed
- Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Sep 1;21(17):5373-82 - PubMed
- Cell Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jul;57(2-3):67-76 - PubMed
- Cell Signal. 2010 Oct;22(10):1543-53 - PubMed
- Mol Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;81(2):166-74 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008 Dec;45(6):715-23 - PubMed
- Nature. 2004 Jan 22;427(6972):355-60 - PubMed
- Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Apr 1;74(1):56-63 - PubMed
- Heart Rhythm. 2015 May;12(5):1018-26 - PubMed
- J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2013 Dec;6(6):899-908 - PubMed
- J Pathol. 2008 Jan;214(2):199-210 - PubMed
- Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov;167(5):1035-47 - PubMed
- Circulation. 2006 Sep 26;114(13):1403-9 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014 May;70:2-8 - PubMed
- J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;66(6):802-10 - PubMed
- FASEB J. 2002 Dec;16(14):1874-8 - PubMed
- Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Feb;9(2):139-50 - PubMed
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2017 Feb;103:1-10 - PubMed
Publication Types