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Front Immunol. 2017 Jun 13;8:673. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00673. eCollection 2017.

Graphene and the Immune System: A Romance of Many Dimensions.

Frontiers in immunology

Sourav P Mukherjee, Massimo Bottini, Bengt Fadeel

Affiliations

  1. Nanosafety and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
  2. Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
  3. Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.

PMID: 28659915 PMCID: PMC5468375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00673

Abstract

Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are emerging as attractive materials for biomedical applications. Understanding how these materials are perceived by and interact with the immune system is of fundamental importance. Phagocytosis is a major mechanism deployed by the immune system to remove pathogens, particles, and cellular debris. Here, we discuss recent studies on the interactions of GBMs with different phagocytic cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. The importance of assessing GBMs for endotoxin contamination is discussed as this may skew results. We also explore the role of the bio-corona for interactions of GBMs with immune cells. Finally, we highlight recent evidence for direct plasma membrane interactions of GBMs.

Keywords: endotoxin; graphene; inflammasome; macrophage; pattern recognition receptors

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