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Front Neurosci. 2017 Sep 15;11:515. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00515. eCollection 2017.

Learning and CRF-Induced Indecision during Escape and Submission in Rainbow Trout during Socially Aggressive Interactions in the Stress-Alternatives Model.

Frontiers in neuroscience

Tangi R Summers, Torrie L Summers, Russ E Carpenter, Justin P Smith, Samuel L Young, Brandon Meyerink, T Zachary Orr, David H Arendt, Cliff H Summers

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of South DakotaVermillion, SD, United States.
  2. Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South DakotaVermillion, SD, United States.
  3. Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care SystemSioux Falls, SD, United States.
  4. Program in Writing and Rhetoric, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, United States.
  5. Institute of PossibilitySioux Falls, SD, United States.
  6. Data Analytics, Sanford HealthSioux Falls, SD, United States.
  7. AlumendSioux Falls, SD, United States.
  8. Children's Hospital Colorado-Research InstituteAurora, CO, United States.

PMID: 28966574 PMCID: PMC5605647 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00515

Abstract

Socially stressful environments induce a phenotypic dichotomy of coping measures for populations in response to a dominant aggressor and given a route of egress. This submission- (Stay) or escape-oriented (Escape) dichotomy represents individual decision-making under the stressful influence of hostile social environments. We utilized the Stress-Alternatives Model (SAM) to explore behavioral factors which might predict behavioral phenotype in rainbow trout. The SAM is a compartmentalized tank, with smaller and larger trout separated by an opaque divider until social interaction, and another divider occluding a safety zone, accessible by way of an escape route only large enough for the smaller fish. We hypothesized that distinctive behavioral responses during the first social interaction would indicate a predisposition for one of the behavioral phenotypes in the subsequent interactions. Surprisingly, increased amount or intensity of aggression received had no significant effect on promoting escape in test fish. In fact, during the first day of interaction, fish that turned toward their larger opponent during attack eventually learned to escape. Escaping fish also learn to monitor the patrolling behavior of aggressors, and eventually escape primarily when they are not being observed. Escape

Keywords: SAM; Stress-Alternatives Model; corticotropin-releasing factor; explore; fear conditioning; retreat; snap-shake; social aggression

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