Front Immunol. 2018 Jan 05;8:1908. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01908. eCollection 2017.
S100 Proteins As an Important Regulator of Macrophage Inflammation.
Frontiers in immunology
Chang Xia, Zachary Braunstein, Amelia C Toomey, Jixin Zhong, Xiaoquan Rao
Affiliations
Affiliations
- College of Health Science and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
PMID: 29379499
PMCID: PMC5770888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01908
Abstract
The S100 proteins, a family of calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, have a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions through regulating calcium balance, cell apoptosis, migration, proliferation, differentiation, energy metabolism, and inflammation. The intracellular functions of S100 proteins involve interaction with intracellular receptors, membrane protein recruitment/transportation, transcriptional regulation and integrating with enzymes or nucleic acids, and DNA repair. The S100 proteins could also be released from the cytoplasm, induced by tissue/cell damage and cellular stress. The extracellular S100 proteins, serving as a danger signal, are crucial in regulating immune homeostasis, post-traumatic injury, and inflammation. Extracellular S100 proteins are also considered biomarkers for some specific diseases. In this review, we will discuss the multi-functional roles of S100 proteins, especially their potential roles associated with cell migration, differentiation, tissue repair, and inflammation.
Keywords: S100 proteins; biomarkers; inflammation; inflammatory disease; macrophages; tissue repair
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