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Badawy AA. Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2018;11:1178646917753422doi: 10.1177/1178646917753422.
Badawy, A. A. (2018). Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents. International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR, 111178646917753422. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178646917753422
Badawy, Abdulla A-B. "Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents." International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR vol. 11 (2018): 1178646917753422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178646917753422
Badawy AA. Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2018 Feb 19;11:1178646917753422. doi: 10.1177/1178646917753422. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29487480; PMCID: PMC5821294.
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Int J Tryptophan Res. 2018 Feb 19;11:1178646917753422. doi: 10.1177/1178646917753422. eCollection 2018.

Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents.

International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR

Abdulla A-B Badawy

Affiliations

  1. Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.

PMID: 29487480 PMCID: PMC5821294 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917753422

Abstract

Modulation of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism may underpin the behavioral effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) and associated image and performance enhancers. Euphoria, arousal, and decreased anxiety observed with moderate use and exercise may involve enhanced cerebral serotonin synthesis and function by increased release of albumin-bound Trp and estrogen-mediated liver Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition and enhancement of serotonin function. Aggression, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and psychosis, observed on withdrawal of AAS or with use of large doses, can be caused by decreased serotonin synthesis due to TDO induction on withdrawal, excess Trp inhibiting the 2 enzymes of serotonin synthesis, and increased cerebral levels of neuroactive kynurenines. Exercise and excessive protein and branched-chain amino acid intakes may aggravate the effects of large AAS dosage. The hypothesis is testable in humans and experimental animals by measuring parameters of Trp metabolism and disposition and related metabolic processes.

Keywords: Estrogens; free plasma tryptophan; kynurenines; testosterone; tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interests:The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: A.A-B.B. held an

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