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Suomalainen JS, Regalado G, Joukainen A, et al. Effects of knee flexion and extension on the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in adolescents. J Exp Orthop. 2018;5(1):31doi: 10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1.
Suomalainen, J. S., Regalado, G., Joukainen, A., Kääriäinen, T., Könönen, M., Manninen, H., Sipola, P., & Kokki, H. (2018). Effects of knee flexion and extension on the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in adolescents. Journal of experimental orthopaedics, 5(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1
Suomalainen, Juha-Sampo, et al. "Effects of knee flexion and extension on the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in adolescents." Journal of experimental orthopaedics vol. 5,1 (2018): 31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1
Suomalainen JS, Regalado G, Joukainen A, Kääriäinen T, Könönen M, Manninen H, Sipola P, Kokki H. Effects of knee flexion and extension on the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in adolescents. J Exp Orthop. 2018 Aug 16;5(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1. PMID: 30116908; PMCID: PMC6095936.
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J Exp Orthop. 2018 Aug 16;5(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1.

Effects of knee flexion and extension on the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in adolescents.

Journal of experimental orthopaedics

Juha-Sampo Suomalainen, Gideon Regalado, Antti Joukainen, Tommi Kääriäinen, Mervi Könönen, Hannu Manninen, Petri Sipola, Hannu Kokki

Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
  2. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
  3. School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. BOX 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland. [email protected].

PMID: 30116908 PMCID: PMC6095936 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-018-0149-1

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is used to assess patellofemoral instability and rotation. Since patellofemoral instability and acute patellar dislocation are common among adolescents, it is important to clarify the relationship between TT-TG distance and various flexion and extension angles in asymptomatic children. The purpose of the present study was to determine how knee flexion and extension influence TT-TG-distance values measured using 3D imaging in an anatomic axial plane among asymptomatic adolescents.

METHODS: We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 26 knees in 13 adolescents (8 boys and 5 girls) of 11-17 years of age, with no known patellofemoral disorders. Imaging was performed with 3.0 T MRI with the knee at four separate angles of flexion between 0° and 30°. Measurements were made by two independent blinded raters.

RESULTS: The mean TT-TG distance in millimetres was 11.1-0.29 × the angle in degrees. TT-TG distance decreased with greater flexion, showing a mean decrease of 0.29 mm (SD, 0.04) per degree of increased flexion (p < 0.001). We found significant inter-observer (Pearson's r = 0.636, p = 0.03) and intra-observer (Pearson's r = 0.792, p ≤ 0.001) correlations. TT-TG values were not significantly correlated with age, length, weight, or body mass index. The rate of TT-TG change (change between consecutive TT-TG values/change between consecutive angles) was significantly negatively correlated with length (p = 0.014), weight (p = 0.004), and body mass index (p = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS: Our data revealed that TT-TG distance assessed in the anatomic axial plane decreased with greater flexion in adolescent. Moreover, this effect of knee angle was stronger in smaller subjects. These findings support the need for a standardized protocol for TT-TG distance measurement in adolescents.

Keywords: Kinematic malalignment; Magnetic resonance imaging; Patellar dislocation; Patellofemoral instability; Tibial tubercle–trochlear groove distance

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