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J Intensive Care. 2018 Aug 13;6:48. doi: 10.1186/s40560-018-0308-6. eCollection 2018.

The Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for acute kidney injury 2016.

Journal of intensive care

Kent Doi, Osamu Nishida, Takashi Shigematsu, Tomohito Sadahiro, Noritomo Itami, Kunitoshi Iseki, Yukio Yuzawa, Hirokazu Okada, Daisuke Koya, Hideyasu Kiyomoto, Yugo Shibagaki, Kenichi Matsuda, Akihiko Kato, Terumasa Hayashi, Tomonari Ogawa, Tatsuo Tsukamoto, Eisei Noiri, Shigeo Negi, Koichi Kamei, Hirotsugu Kitayama, Naoki Kashihara, Toshiki Moriyama, Yoshio Terada,

Affiliations

  1. 1Department of Acute Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
  2. 2Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi Japan.
  3. 3Department of Nephrology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
  4. 4Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
  5. 5Kidney Center, Department of Surgery, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
  6. 6Clinical Research Support Center, Tomishiro Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
  7. 7Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi Japan.
  8. 8Department of Nephrology and General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
  9. 9Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanawaza, Ishikawa Japan.
  10. 10Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
  11. 11Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan.
  12. 12Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan.
  13. 13Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan.
  14. Department of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.
  15. 15Nephrology and Blood Purification, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
  16. 16Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
  17. 17Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
  18. 18Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
  19. 19Department of Nephrology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
  20. 20Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
  21. 21Health Care Division, Health and Counseling Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
  22. 22Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, 783-8505 Japan.

PMID: 30123509 PMCID: PMC6088399 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-018-0308-6

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome which has a broad range of etiologic factors depending on different clinical settings. Because AKI has significant impacts on prognosis in any clinical settings, early detection and intervention are necessary to improve the outcomes of AKI patients. This clinical guideline for AKI was developed by a multidisciplinary approach with nephrology, intensive care medicine, blood purification, and pediatrics. Of note, clinical practice for AKI management which was widely performed in Japan was also evaluated with comprehensive literature search.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Atrial natriuretic peptide; Biomarker; Blood purification; Long-term follow-up; Nafamostat mesilate

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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