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Zin CS, Nazar NI, Rahman NS, et al. Trends and patterns of analgesic prescribing in Malaysian public hospitals from 2010 to 2016: tramadol predominately used. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1959-1966doi: 10.2147/JPR.S164774.
Zin, C. S., Nazar, N. I., Rahman, N. S., Alias, N. E., Ahmad, W. R., Rani, N. S., Cardosa, M. S., Ng, K. S., & Ye, F. L. (2018). Trends and patterns of analgesic prescribing in Malaysian public hospitals from 2010 to 2016: tramadol predominately used. Journal of pain research, 111959-1966. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S164774
Zin, Che Suraya, et al. "Trends and patterns of analgesic prescribing in Malaysian public hospitals from 2010 to 2016: tramadol predominately used." Journal of pain research vol. 11 (2018): 1959-1966. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S164774
Zin CS, Nazar NI, Rahman NS, Alias NE, Ahmad WR, Rani NS, Cardosa MS, Ng KS, Ye FL. Trends and patterns of analgesic prescribing in Malaysian public hospitals from 2010 to 2016: tramadol predominately used. J Pain Res. 2018 Sep 20;11:1959-1966. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S164774. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30288090; PMCID: PMC6160284.
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J Pain Res. 2018 Sep 20;11:1959-1966. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S164774. eCollection 2018.

Trends and patterns of analgesic prescribing in Malaysian public hospitals from 2010 to 2016: tramadol predominately used.

Journal of pain research

Che Suraya Zin, Nor Ilyani Nazar, Norny Syafinaz Rahman, Nor Elina Alias, Wan Rohaidah Ahmad, Nurul Sahida Rani, Mary Suma Cardosa, Kim Swan Ng, Felicia Loh Ye

Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia, [email protected].
  2. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
  3. Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
  4. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Selayang, Batu Caves, Malaysia.
  5. Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Selayang, Batu Caves, Malaysia.

PMID: 30288090 PMCID: PMC6160284 DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S164774

Abstract

PURPOSE: To examine the trends of analgesic prescribing at public tertiary hospital outpatient settings and explore the patterns of their utilization in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tramadol, and opioid patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2010 to 2016 using the prescription databases of two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia. Prescriptions for nine NSAIDs (ketoprofen, diclofenac, celecoxib, etoricoxib, ibuprofen, indomethacin, meloxicam, mefenamic acid, and naproxen), tramadol, and five other opioids (morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, and buprenorphine) were included in this study. Annual number of patients and prescriptions were measured in repeat cross-sectional estimates. Descriptive statistics and linear trend analysis were performed using Stata version 13.

RESULTS: A total of 192,747 analgesic prescriptions of the nine NSAIDs, tramadol, and five other opioids were given for 97,227 patients (51.8% NSAIDs patients, 46.6% tramadol patients, and 1.7% opioid patients) from 2010 to 2016. Tramadol (37.9%, n=72,999) was the most frequently prescribed analgesic, followed by ketoprofen (17.5%, n=33,793), diclofenac (16.2%, n=31,180), celecoxib (12.2%, n=23,487), and other NSAIDs (<4.5%). All the analgesics were increased over time except meloxicam, indomethacin, and mefenamic acid. Opioids, primarily morphine (2.2%, n=4,021) and oxycodone (0.5%, n=1,049), were prescribed the least, but the rate of increase was the highest.

CONCLUSION: Tramadol was the most frequently prescribed analgesic in hospital outpatient settings in Malaysia. Opioids were prescribed the least, but noted the highest increase in utilization.

Keywords: Malaysia; NSAIDs; analgesics; opioids; patterns; tramadol; trends of prescribing

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure CSZ was supported by a research grant from The Ministry of Education Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, FRGS 15-195-0436). The authors report no other conflicts of interest in thi

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