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Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018;7(4):167-186doi: 10.1159/000490384.
Kahaly, G. J., Bartalena, L., Hegedüs, L., Leenhardt, L., Poppe, K., & Pearce, S. H. (2018). 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism. European thyroid journal, 7(4), 167-186. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490384
Kahaly, George J, et al. "2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism." European thyroid journal vol. 7,4 (2018): 167-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000490384
Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Aug;7(4):167-186. doi: 10.1159/000490384. Epub 2018 Jul 25. PMID: 30283735; PMCID: PMC6140607.
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Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Aug;7(4):167-186. doi: 10.1159/000490384. Epub 2018 Jul 25.

2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves' Hyperthyroidism.

European thyroid journal

George J Kahaly, Luigi Bartalena, Lazlo Hegedüs, Laurence Leenhardt, Kris Poppe, Simon H Pearce

Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
  2. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
  3. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
  4. Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
  5. Endocrine Unit, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
  6. Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.

PMID: 30283735 PMCID: PMC6140607 DOI: 10.1159/000490384

Abstract

Graves' disease (GD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of thyroid antigen-specific T cells into thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R)-expressing tissues. Stimulatory autoantibodies (Ab) in GD activate the TSH-R leading to thyroid hyperplasia and unregulated thyroid hormone production and secretion. Diagnosis of GD is straightforward in a patient with biochemically confirmed thyrotoxicosis, positive TSH-R-Ab, a hypervascular and hypoechoic thyroid gland (ultrasound), and associated orbitopathy. In GD, measurement of TSH-R-Ab is recommended for an accurate diagnosis/differential diagnosis, prior to stopping antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment and during pregnancy. Graves' hyperthyroidism is treated by decreasing thyroid hormone synthesis with the use of ATD, or by reducing the amount of thyroid tissue with radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment or total thyroidectomy. Patients with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism are usually medically treated for 12-18 months with methimazole (MMI) as the preferred drug. In children with GD, a 24- to 36-month course of MMI is recommended. Patients with persistently high TSH-R-Ab at 12-18 months can continue MMI treatment, repeating the TSH-R-Ab measurement after an additional 12 months, or opt for therapy with RAI or thyroidectomy. Women treated with MMI should be switched to propylthiouracil when planning pregnancy and during the first trimester of pregnancy. If a patient relapses after completing a course of ATD, definitive treatment is recommended; however, continued long-term low-dose MMI can be considered. Thyroidectomy should be performed by an experienced high-volume thyroid surgeon. RAI is contraindicated in Graves' patients with active/severe orbitopathy, and steroid prophylaxis is warranted in Graves' patients with mild/active orbitopathy receiving RAI.

Keywords: Antithyroid drugs; Graves' hyperthyroidism; Graves' orbitopathy; Management; Radioiodine therapy; Thyroidectomy

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