Display options
Cite
Pouresmaeili F, Kamalidehghan B, Kamarehei M, et al. A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018;14:2029-2049doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000.
Pouresmaeili, F., Kamalidehghan, B., Kamarehei, M., & Goh, Y. M. (2018). A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 142029-2049. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S138000
Pouresmaeili, Farkhondeh, et al. "A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors." Therapeutics and clinical risk management vol. 14 (2018): 2029-2049. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S138000
Pouresmaeili F, Kamalidehghan B, Kamarehei M, Goh YM. A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018 Nov 06;14:2029-2049. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30464484; PMCID: PMC6225907.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018 Nov 06;14:2029-2049. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000. eCollection 2018.

A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors.

Therapeutics and clinical risk management

Farkhondeh Pouresmaeili, Behnam Kamalidehghan, Maryam Kamarehei, Yong Meng Goh

Affiliations

  1. Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center (IRHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  2. Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected].
  3. Medical Genetics Center, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, [email protected].
  4. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, [email protected].
  5. Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia.

PMID: 30464484 PMCID: PMC6225907 DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S138000

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with remarkable changes in bone biologic material and consequent bone structural distraction, affecting millions of people around the world from different ethnic groups. Bone fragility is the worse outcome of the disease, which needs long term therapy and medical management, especially in the elderly. Many involved genes including environmental factors have been introduced as the disease risk factors so far, of which genes should be considered as effective early diagnosis biomarkers, especially for the individuals from high-risk families. In this review, a number of important criteria involved in osteoporosis are addressed and discussed.

Keywords: BMD; HPT; atherosclerosis; bone and hip fractures; bone mineral density; hyperparathyroidism

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

References

  1. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Jan;18(1):93-8 - PubMed
  2. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2007 Aug;74(4):233-46 - PubMed
  3. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Feb;26(2):531-42 - PubMed
  4. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1994 Sep;65(3):197-206 - PubMed
  5. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Aug;2(8):584-93 - PubMed
  6. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000 Nov;67(5):361-366 - PubMed
  7. Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18(2):170-6 - PubMed
  8. Nutr Rev. 2007 Dec;65(12 Pt 2):S147-51 - PubMed
  9. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 May;129(5):1000-11 - PubMed
  10. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Feb;14(2):215-20 - PubMed
  11. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jul;24(7):1192-7 - PubMed
  12. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Mar;10(3):185-97 - PubMed
  13. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1791-6 - PubMed
  14. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Jan;27(1):127-33 - PubMed
  15. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Feb;21(2):287-96 - PubMed
  16. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 10;337(2):77-82 - PubMed
  17. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Apr;13(4):695-705 - PubMed
  18. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Dec;46(12):3115-20 - PubMed
  19. Popul Health Metr. 2010 Oct 22;8:29 - PubMed
  20. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):995-1000 - PubMed
  21. Bone. 2002 Aug;31(2):276-81 - PubMed
  22. Ann Med. 2005;37(5):383-92 - PubMed
  23. Bone. 2003 Mar;32(3):297-310 - PubMed
  24. Endocrinology. 2005 Aug;146(8):3622-31 - PubMed
  25. Endocr Rev. 1992 Nov;13(4):719-64 - PubMed
  26. Osteoporos Int. 2007 May;18(5):575-84 - PubMed
  27. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Mar;83(3):917-21 - PubMed
  28. Bone. 2013 Aug;55(2):309-14 - PubMed
  29. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 May;61(5):495-9 - PubMed
  30. J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 5;285(10):6913-21 - PubMed
  31. J Bone Miner Metab. 2001;19(5):296-301 - PubMed
  32. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009 Nov;85(5):379-88 - PubMed
  33. Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1504-8 - PubMed
  34. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Jan;40(1):48-54 - PubMed
  35. Maturitas. 2006 Aug 20;55(1):27-35 - PubMed
  36. Cell Biochem Funct. 2010 Jun;28(4):334-41 - PubMed
  37. Calcif Tissue Int. 2015 May;96(5):389-400 - PubMed
  38. Biofactors. 2012 May-Jun;38(3):194-202 - PubMed
  39. Bone. 1996 Oct;19(4):395-9 - PubMed
  40. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 16;152(6):380-90 - PubMed
  41. Lancet. 2018 Jan 20;391(10117):230-240 - PubMed
  42. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7 Suppl 3:S47-53 - PubMed
  43. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Dec;56(4):650-3 - PubMed
  44. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Jul 15;12(14):1745-54 - PubMed
  45. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Sep;23(9):2239-56 - PubMed
  46. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997 Jun;60(6):496-500 - PubMed
  47. Clin Calcium. 2008 May;18(5):589-99 - PubMed
  48. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Sep 19;452(2):287-93 - PubMed
  49. Osteoporos Int. 2013 Dec;24(12):2929-53 - PubMed
  50. Nature. 1994 Jan 20;367(6460):284-7 - PubMed
  51. Bull Math Biol. 2000 Jan;62(1):163-88 - PubMed
  52. Biochemistry. 1988 Nov 15;27(23):8521-6 - PubMed
  53. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995 Jun;53(1-6):165-74 - PubMed
  54. J Clin Invest. 1998 Apr 1;101(7):1362-71 - PubMed
  55. Value Health Reg Issues. 2016 May;9:49-56 - PubMed
  56. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2013 Feb;24(1):69-81 - PubMed
  57. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5474-9 - PubMed
  58. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jun 14;159(11):1215-20 - PubMed
  59. Med Care. 2001 Apr;39(4):384-96 - PubMed
  60. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004 Aug;75(2):133-7 - PubMed
  61. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Dec;80(12):3657-61 - PubMed
  62. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Jan;16(1):128-34 - PubMed
  63. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6665-9 - PubMed
  64. J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 5;262(31):15151-7 - PubMed
  65. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(6):551-70 - PubMed
  66. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;89(12):1638-42 - PubMed
  67. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Dec;40(12):1375-83 - PubMed
  68. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jun;13(6):3359-69 - PubMed
  69. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jan 31;158(2):407-12 - PubMed
  70. Bone. 2009 May;44(5):734-43 - PubMed
  71. N Engl J Med. 1985 Oct 17;313(16):973-5 - PubMed
  72. Maturitas. 2002 Mar 25;41(3):193-201 - PubMed
  73. Endocr Rev. 2000 Apr;21(2):115-37 - PubMed
  74. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017 Apr 08;5(2):177-181 - PubMed
  75. Nutr Rev. 1991 Jun;49(6):163-75 - PubMed
  76. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Feb;28(2):549-558 - PubMed
  77. Scan Electron Microsc. 1986;(Pt 4):1537-54 - PubMed
  78. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;9(7):259-65 - PubMed
  79. Ann Epidemiol. 2004 May;14(5):319-24 - PubMed
  80. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017 Apr 11;13:455-468 - PubMed
  81. Public Health Nutr. 2013 Apr;16(4):704-12 - PubMed
  82. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Aug;44(2):287-90 - PubMed
  83. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Jul;11(7):1003-9 - PubMed
  84. J Clin Invest. 1999 May;103(9):1345-52 - PubMed
  85. J Biol Chem. 2012 May 4;287(19):15728-38 - PubMed
  86. BMJ. 2000 Sep 9;321(7261):598-602 - PubMed
  87. Nat Med. 2006 Dec;12(12):1403-9 - PubMed
  88. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3609-17 - PubMed
  89. J Clin Densitom. 2008 Oct-Dec;11(4):473-7 - PubMed
  90. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Dec;11(12):1850-5 - PubMed
  91. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 May 31;8:48 - PubMed
  92. Bone. 1997 Jul;21(1):89-92 - PubMed
  93. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011 Oct;3(4):251-5 - PubMed
  94. Bone. 1993;14 Suppl 1:S1-8 - PubMed
  95. Calcif Tissue Int. 1990 Dec;47(6):345-9 - PubMed
  96. Maturitas. 2005 Jul 16;51(3):270-9 - PubMed
  97. Surgery. 1997 Mar;121(3):287-94 - PubMed
  98. Arthritis Res Ther. 2003;5(5):214-22 - PubMed
  99. Endocrinology. 2008 Dec;149(12):6084-91 - PubMed
  100. Free Radic Res. 2002 Dec;36(12):1307-13 - PubMed
  101. BMJ. 1995 May 27;310(6991):1357-60 - PubMed
  102. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;53(12):920-6 - PubMed
  103. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Aug;17(8):1527-34 - PubMed
  104. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Jul;14(7):1175-81 - PubMed
  105. JAMA. 2003 Jan 1;289(1):76-9 - PubMed
  106. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jan;21(1):124-35 - PubMed
  107. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 Oct;54(10):801-6 - PubMed
  108. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(3):261-5 - PubMed
  109. Endocrinology. 2002 Jun;143(6):2376-84 - PubMed
  110. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:639469 - PubMed
  111. J Urol. 2004 Dec;172(6 Pt 1):2208-12 - PubMed
  112. J Mol Med (Berl). 2002 Jul;80(7):452-60 - PubMed
  113. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Feb;14(2):240-7 - PubMed
  114. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013 Sep;17(9):757-65 - PubMed
  115. J Clin Invest. 2001 May;107(10):1235-44 - PubMed
  116. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2008 Mar 1;156(1):1-8 - PubMed
  117. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012 May;20(5):559-64 - PubMed
  118. Physiol Res. 2002;51(5):501-9 - PubMed
  119. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jan 1;122(1):9-16 - PubMed
  120. JAMA. 2004 Nov 3;292(17):2105-14 - PubMed
  121. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109 Suppl 2:S493-514 - PubMed
  122. J Hum Genet. 1999;44(3):148-51 - PubMed
  123. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017 May;100(5):528-535 - PubMed
  124. Osteoporos Int. 1992 Nov;2(6):285-9 - PubMed
  125. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000 Mar;66(3):181-3 - PubMed
  126. Bone. 1997 Nov;21(5):379-83 - PubMed
  127. Bone. 1993;14 Suppl 1:S89-97 - PubMed
  128. J Clin Invest. 1999 Oct;104(7):895-901 - PubMed
  129. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993 Apr;52(4):269-72 - PubMed
  130. Am J Med. 1979 Dec;67(6):989-98 - PubMed
  131. Am J Pathol. 2007 Feb;170(2):427-35 - PubMed
  132. Cell. 1994 Jun 17;77(6):817-27 - PubMed
  133. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(7):555-8 - PubMed
  134. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Jan;44(1):196-201 - PubMed
  135. J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Aug;9(8):1137-41 - PubMed
  136. Endocrinology. 2004 Jun;145(6):2815-23 - PubMed
  137. Trends Biochem Sci. 2002 Jan;27(1):19-26 - PubMed
  138. Osteoporos Int. 2001 Dec;12(12):1015-9 - PubMed
  139. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan;97(1):234-41 - PubMed
  140. Intern Med. 2015;54(8):929-34 - PubMed
  141. Nat Med. 2007 Jul;13(7):791-801 - PubMed
  142. Transl Res. 2012 May;159(5):355-65 - PubMed
  143. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Sep;73(3):237-43 - PubMed
  144. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9 Suppl 1:S3 - PubMed
  145. JAMA. 2001 Jan 17;285(3):320-3 - PubMed
  146. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Nov;20(11):1960-7 - PubMed
  147. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Sep;24(9):2609-15 - PubMed
  148. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 May;338(1-2):115-22 - PubMed
  149. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Nov;47(11):1342-5 - PubMed
  150. Am J Med. 1991 Jan;90(1):107-10 - PubMed
  151. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 14;275(28):21372-9 - PubMed
  152. Am J Public Health. 1984 Dec;74(12):1374-80 - PubMed
  153. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 18;8(12):e82806 - PubMed
  154. Br J Rheumatol. 1992 Dec;31(12):801-9 - PubMed
  155. Nat Genet. 1996 Oct;14(2):203-5 - PubMed
  156. Arthritis Res. 2000;2(1):33-7 - PubMed
  157. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Jul;469(7):1913-8 - PubMed
  158. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010 May;6(3):144-55 - PubMed
  159. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2000 Jan-Feb;7(1 Suppl):S16-7 - PubMed
  160. Osteoporos Int. 2006 Dec;17(12):1726-33 - PubMed
  161. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Jun;12(6):915-21 - PubMed
  162. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jul;22(7):1196-200 - PubMed
  163. Osteoporos Int. 2002 Oct;13(10):777-87 - PubMed
  164. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Sep;14(9):6317-25 - PubMed
  165. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Nov;61 Suppl 2:ii84-6 - PubMed
  166. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2008 Jul-Aug;10(4):315-23 - PubMed
  167. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(3):241-7 - PubMed
  168. J Mol Med (Berl). 2001 Apr;79(2-3):149-56 - PubMed
  169. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2005 Sep;3(3):98-102 - PubMed
  170. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Mar;13(3):325-49 - PubMed
  171. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jan;19(1):31-41 - PubMed
  172. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;25(12):4946-55 - PubMed
  173. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999 Mar;64(3):205-8 - PubMed
  174. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(10):953-61 - PubMed
  175. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Jul;78(1):15-20 - PubMed
  176. Maturitas. 2016 Oct;92:115-122 - PubMed
  177. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010 Mar;54(2):123-32 - PubMed
  178. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 15;12(20 Pt 2):6243s-6249s - PubMed
  179. Osteoporos Int. 2003 Oct;14(10):843-7 - PubMed
  180. Soz Praventivmed. 1993;38(1):8-14 - PubMed
  181. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 25;260(4):2315-20 - PubMed
  182. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2004 Aug;5(3):261-8 - PubMed
  183. Clin Genet. 2006 Nov;70(5):402-8 - PubMed
  184. World J Diabetes. 2011 Mar 15;2(3):41-8 - PubMed
  185. J Endocrinol. 2001 Nov;171(2):229-36 - PubMed
  186. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Jun;150(6):1329-31 - PubMed
  187. Lancet. 1977 Jun 25;1(8026):1354-5 - PubMed
  188. Can J Urol. 2009 Dec;16(6):4908-14 - PubMed
  189. Horm Metab Res. 2008 Mar;40(3):219-24 - PubMed
  190. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 Jan;54(1):49-52 - PubMed
  191. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Nov;132(5):1019-30 - PubMed
  192. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2015 Feb;14(1):34-9 - PubMed
  193. Kidney Int. 2005 Oct;68(4):1708-21 - PubMed
  194. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):32-8 - PubMed
  195. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Feb;21(2):265-73 - PubMed
  196. Immunol Rev. 2005 Dec;208:154-68 - PubMed
  197. J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Nov;15(11):2222-30 - PubMed
  198. J Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Jun;40(6):273-9 - PubMed
  199. Bone. 2006 Nov;39(5):1097-1106 - PubMed
  200. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 Nov;24(10):749-55 - PubMed
  201. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Mar 30;1453(3):311-20 - PubMed
  202. J Hum Genet. 2000;45(6):346-50 - PubMed
  203. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Jul 9;248(1):190-5 - PubMed
  204. Br J Rheumatol. 1992 Oct;31(10):653-61 - PubMed
  205. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Mar;83(3):939-44 - PubMed
  206. Bone. 2007 Jun;40(6):1434-46 - PubMed
  207. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Jun;18(6):960-74 - PubMed
  208. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Sep 1;166(5):495-505 - PubMed
  209. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 4;337(10):670-6 - PubMed
  210. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(6):469-75 - PubMed
  211. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Jul;84(7):632-7; quiz 638 - PubMed
  212. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Apr;26(4):850-6 - PubMed
  213. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Jul;469(7):1891-9 - PubMed
  214. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(2):118-24 - PubMed
  215. Bone. 1998 Oct;23(4):367-71 - PubMed
  216. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 23;332(12):767-73 - PubMed
  217. J Biol Chem. 2002 Feb 8;277(6):4388-94 - PubMed
  218. BMC Immunol. 2012 Apr 14;13:19 - PubMed
  219. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Jan;13(1):96-106 - PubMed
  220. J Endocrinol. 2007 Jul;194(1):1-10 - PubMed
  221. Nature. 2005 Mar 24;434(7032):514-20 - PubMed
  222. Cytokine. 1992 Mar;4(2):83-9 - PubMed
  223. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2006 Jan-Mar;6(1):36-46 - PubMed
  224. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Sep;82(9):2799-805 - PubMed
  225. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Dec;73(6):515-9 - PubMed
  226. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Jun;25(6):1392-9 - PubMed
  227. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Oct;14(10):1796-802 - PubMed
  228. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Apr 1;329(1):177-81 - PubMed
  229. Nat Genet. 2000 Sep;26(1):76-80 - PubMed
  230. Endocr J. 1998 Feb;45(1):123-5 - PubMed
  231. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Apr;16(4):411-6 - PubMed
  232. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2015 Feb;13(1):52-9 - PubMed
  233. Ann Intern Med. 1998 May 15;128(10):793-800 - PubMed
  234. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jun;33(6 Suppl):S551-86; discussion 609-10 - PubMed
  235. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Nov;12(11):1769-71 - PubMed
  236. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993 Nov;41(11):1226-34 - PubMed
  237. J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec;106(12):1553-60 - PubMed
  238. Nat Med. 2007 Feb;13(2):156-63 - PubMed
  239. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2576-9 - PubMed
  240. J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Jun;9(6):883-90 - PubMed
  241. J Endocrinol. 2003 May;177(2):147-96 - PubMed
  242. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Nov 1;144(9):901-7 - PubMed
  243. Bone. 2015 Sep;78:122-9 - PubMed
  244. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Jul;116(7):905-11 - PubMed
  245. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 May;16(5):911-7 - PubMed
  246. Cell J. 2013 Spring;15(1):75-82 - PubMed
  247. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Apr;16(4):758-64 - PubMed
  248. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015 Apr;69(4):442-8 - PubMed
  249. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Oct;22(5):671-85 - PubMed
  250. JAMA. 2001 Feb 14;285(6):785-95 - PubMed
  251. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 May;42(5):963-70 - PubMed
  252. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Oct;17(10):1744-51 - PubMed
  253. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Mar;23(3):1061-8 - PubMed
  254. Prague Med Rep. 2005;106(2):137-48 - PubMed
  255. Diabetes. 2005 Feb;54(2):394-401 - PubMed
  256. J Clin Invest. 1989 Jan;83(1):60-5 - PubMed
  257. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Dec;7(13):2129-33 - PubMed
  258. J Clin Lab Anal. 2001;15(5):251-5 - PubMed
  259. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Apr;17(4):716-24 - PubMed
  260. Osteoporos Int. 1993 May;3(3):133-7 - PubMed
  261. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb;194(2 Suppl):S3-11 - PubMed
  262. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 22;(8):CD009678 - PubMed
  263. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012 Dec;10(4):296-302 - PubMed
  264. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Jan 17;8(5):297-305 - PubMed
  265. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3878-84 - PubMed
  266. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 15;160(8):729-40 - PubMed
  267. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Jul;69(1):1-19 - PubMed
  268. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Aug;8(6):245-51 - PubMed
  269. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 23;105(51):20529-33 - PubMed
  270. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 May;24(10):4384-94 - PubMed
  271. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Sep;34(9):1125-32 - PubMed
  272. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Feb;22(2):421-33 - PubMed
  273. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 May;25(5):937-47 - PubMed
  274. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jul 1;523(1):115-22 - PubMed
  275. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Feb 15;161(4):307-20 - PubMed
  276. Age Ageing. 2011 Jan;40(1):49-54 - PubMed
  277. J Rheumatol. 2003 Jul;30(7):1579-83 - PubMed
  278. Gene. 2013 Feb 15;515(1):167-72 - PubMed
  279. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Jul;97(1):119-29 - PubMed
  280. Int J Mol Med. 2011 Sep;28(3):455-62 - PubMed
  281. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004 Jun;74(6):501-8 - PubMed
  282. Arch Neurol. 2008 Oct;65(10):1348-52 - PubMed
  283. Tissue Antigens. 2007 Jun;69(6):592-6 - PubMed
  284. Eur J Nutr. 2013 Oct;52(7):1771-9 - PubMed
  285. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2017 Oct;49(9):759-763.e1 - PubMed
  286. Hand Clin. 2012 May;28(2):113-25 - PubMed
  287. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 May;36(5):347-251 - PubMed
  288. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Jul;16(7):1256-64 - PubMed
  289. Med Sport Sci. 2007;51:64-80 - PubMed
  290. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct;54(10):3104-12 - PubMed
  291. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1387-91 - PubMed
  292. J Bone Miner Res. 1991 Apr;6(4):331-8 - PubMed
  293. Bone. 2005 Mar;36(3):555-61 - PubMed
  294. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998 May;62(5):465-9 - PubMed

Publication Types