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Gong J, Zhu T, Hu M, et al. Different metrics (number, surface area, and volume concentration) of urban particles with varying sizes in relation to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(4):1714-1726doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.03.90.
Gong, J., Zhu, T., Hu, M., Wu, Z., & Zhang, J. J. (2019). Different metrics (number, surface area, and volume concentration) of urban particles with varying sizes in relation to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Journal of thoracic disease, 11(4), 1714-1726. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.03.90
Gong, Jicheng, et al. "Different metrics (number, surface area, and volume concentration) of urban particles with varying sizes in relation to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)." Journal of thoracic disease vol. 11,4 (2019): 1714-1726. doi: https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.03.90
Gong J, Zhu T, Hu M, Wu Z, Zhang JJ. Different metrics (number, surface area, and volume concentration) of urban particles with varying sizes in relation to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). J Thorac Dis. 2019 Apr;11(4):1714-1726. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.03.90. PMID: 31179118; PMCID: PMC6531744.
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J Thorac Dis. 2019 Apr;11(4):1714-1726. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.03.90.

Different metrics (number, surface area, and volume concentration) of urban particles with varying sizes in relation to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).

Journal of thoracic disease

Jicheng Gong, Tong Zhu, Min Hu, Zhijun Wu, Junfeng Jim Zhang

Affiliations

  1. Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
  2. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
  3. Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
  4. Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China.

PMID: 31179118 PMCID: PMC6531744 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.03.90

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There have been increasing concerns on potential health effects of ultrafine particles (UFP); but little is known as to what are the most biologically relevant metrics for these particles that make up very little mass concentration. We examined a range of particle metrics (number, surface area, active surface area, and volume concentration) in relation to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a well-established biomarker of pulmonary inflammation.

METHODS: We conducted a panel study in 17 non-asthmatic children who attended schools and resided near a monitoring site at which particles in the size range of 3-800 nm were measured using a TDMPS and particles in the size range of 0.5 to 10 µm were measured using an APS. Particles were classified by size into the nucleation, Aitken, accumulation, or coarse mode, respectively, for calculating mode-specific number, surface area, active surface area, and volume concentrations. Each participating child was measured for FeNO daily for 30 days. We used linear mixed-effects models to assess the associations between various particle metrics and FeNO.

RESULTS: In terms of number concentration, ambient particles in the Aitken mode and in the accumulation mode were significantly and positively associated with FeNO; but particles in the nucleation mode were significantly and negatively associated with FeNO. Moreover, UFP as a lump sum of both nucleation-mode and Aikten-mode particles did not show a significant association with FeNO. In terms of surface area concentration, ambient particles only in the accumulation mode were significantly and positively associated with FeNO. In terms of volume concentration, ambient particles in both the accumulation mode and the coarse mode were significantly and positively associated with FeNO. Analyses of the relationships between FeNO and metrics for particles deposited in the respiratory tract generated consistent findings, showing a negative association for the number concentration of deposited particles (driven by nucleation-mode particles), a positive association for the surface area concentration of deposited particles (driven by accumulation-mode particles), and a positive association for the volume concentration of deposited particles (driven by accumulation-mode and coarse-mode particles).

CONCLUSIONS: Particles contributing largely to the surface area concentration and/or the volume concentration of ambient particles or particles deposited in the respiratory tract had a significant positive association with pulmonary inflammation. Nucleation-mode particles, that have large number concentrations but contribute little to the surface area or volume concentration of ambient or deposited particles, had a significant negative association with FeNO. This may indicate a different biological process or may simply be due to the negative and strong correlation between nucleation-mode and accumulation-mode particles. Given that particles in different modes may have different biological actions, measuring UFP as a whole may not necessarily be useful from a biological effect standpoint.

Keywords: Nanoparticles; fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO); particulate matter; ultrafine particles

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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