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Front Oncol. 2019 Oct 09;9:1004. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01004. eCollection 2019.

Chemotherapy-Induced Tumor Cell Death at the Crossroads Between Immunogenicity and Immunotolerance: Focus on Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Frontiers in oncology

Darina Ocadlikova, Mariangela Lecciso, Alessandro Isidori, Federica Loscocco, Giuseppe Visani, Sergio Amadori, Michele Cavo, Antonio Curti

Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy.
  2. Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN Hospital, Pesaro, Italy.
  3. Department of Medicine, Institute of Hematology, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.

PMID: 31649875 PMCID: PMC6794495 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01004

Abstract

In solid tumors and hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, some chemotherapeutic agents, such as anthracyclines, have proven to activate an immune response via dendritic cell-based cross-priming of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This process, known as immunogenic cell death, is characterized by a variety of tumor cell modifications, i.e., cell surface translocation of calreticulin, extracellular release of adenosine triphosphate and pro-inflammatory factors, such as high mobility group box 1 proteins. However, in addition to with immunogenic cell death, chemotherapy is known to induce inflammatory modifications within the tumor microenvironment, which may also elicit immunosuppressive pathways. In particular, DCs may be driven to acquire tolerogenic features, such as the overexpression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygensase 1, which may ultimately hamper anti-tumor T-cells via the induction of T regulatory cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the mechanisms and effects by which chemotherapy results in both activation and suppression of anti-tumor immune response. Indeed, a better understanding of the whole process underlying chemotherapy-induced alterations of the immunological tumor microenvironment has important clinical implications to fully exploit the immunogenic potential of anti-leukemia agents and tune their application.

Copyright © 2019 Ocadlikova, Lecciso, Isidori, Loscocco, Visani, Amadori, Cavo and Curti.

Keywords: T regulatory cells; acute myeloid leukemia; dendritic cells; immunogenic cell death; immunosuppression

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