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Echodu R, Maxwell Malinga G, Moriku Kaducu J, et al. Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:1012-1017doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002.
Echodu, R., Maxwell Malinga, G., Moriku Kaducu, J., Ovuga, E., & Haesaert, G. (2019). Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health. Toxicology reports, 61012-1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002
Echodu, Richard, et al. "Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health." Toxicology reports vol. 6 (2019): 1012-1017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002
Echodu R, Maxwell Malinga G, Moriku Kaducu J, Ovuga E, Haesaert G. Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health. Toxicol Rep. 2019 Sep 12;6:1012-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002. eCollection 2019. PMID: 31673503; PMCID: PMC6816138.
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Toxicol Rep. 2019 Sep 12;6:1012-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002. eCollection 2019.

Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health.

Toxicology reports

Richard Echodu, Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga, Joyce Moriku Kaducu, Emilio Ovuga, Geert Haesaert

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
  2. Gulu University Bioscience Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
  3. Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
  4. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
  5. Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
  6. Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.

PMID: 31673503 PMCID: PMC6816138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals is a significant health risk for humans and animals, particularly in developing countries. To gain insight into food safety related to agricultural practices, we assessed levels of mycotoxin contamination in 105 samples of food grains raised and stored for consumption by rural households in the post-conflict districts of Kitgum and Lamwo in Northern Uganda. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination was assessed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total aflatoxin in the foods analyzed varied from nd (not detected) to 68.2 μg/Kg. Ochratoxin ranged from 0.1 to 16.4 μg/Kg. DON ranged from nd to 2606 μg/Kg. The mean concentration of total aflatoxins was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in sorghum than in millet, maize and sesame seeds. Frequency of co-occurrence of two mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 100%, with the highest being aflatoxin and ochratoxin in sorghum. Co-occurrence of all three mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 35.3%, with the highest again being in sorghum. Mean levels of aflatoxins concentration in sorghum samples were 11.8 μg/Kg, exceeding the Ugandan national regulatory limits of 10 μg/Kg. Furthermore, 46.5% of the sorghum consumed in both districts exceeded this limit, and 86.1% of sorghum samples exceeded the European Union (E.U.) maximum tolerable limit of 4 μg/Kg. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) values were in the range of 1.2 × 10

© 2019 The Authors.

Keywords: Aflatoxin; Deoxynivalenol; Food grains; Food safety; Ochratoxin; Uganda

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. The research was conducted with no financial conflict or other factors which is considered to be declared as conflict.

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