Display options
Cite
Jurisch M, de Paula CCA, Augusti R. Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2020;34(9):e8752doi: 10.1002/rcm.8752.
Jurisch, M., de Paula, C. C. A., & Augusti, R. (2020). Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, 34(9), e8752. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8752
Jurisch, Marina, et al. "Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools." Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM vol. 34,9 (2020): e8752. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8752
Jurisch M, de Paula CCA, Augusti R. Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2020 May 15;34(9):e8752. doi: 10.1002/rcm.8752. PMID: 32059068.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2020 May 15;34(9):e8752. doi: 10.1002/rcm.8752.

Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools.

Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM

Marina Jurisch, Camila Cristina Almeida de Paula, Rodinei Augusti

Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.

PMID: 32059068 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8752

Abstract

RATIONALE: Smoking is responsible for one in five deaths around the world. Thus, governments have been trying to reduce the number of active smokers by increasing taxes on products. This scenario creates a new problem by raising the consumption of illegally traded cigarettes, which are often seized and analyzed by police forces.

METHODS: Legal and illegal cigarette samples were extracted and analyzed using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS). The mass spectrometer was set to operate in full-scan positive ion mode to yield representative chemical profiles of each sample. The results were used to build a chemometric model using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate between both sets of samples, i.e. legal and illegal.

RESULTS: The PS-MS procedure was fast, simple and efficient, yielding high-quality and reproducible mass spectra with a very good signal-to-noise ratio. Even though all samples displayed visually indistinguishable mass spectra, the PS-MS data handled by the PLS-DA approach furnished a model that reached sample classification with rates of 100% and 80% for the training and validation sets, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: A novel methodology was successfully developed associating the PS-MS technique with chemometric analysis to differentiate between legal and illegal cigarettes. The PS-MS technique proved to be adequate for obtaining fingerprints of such types of samples despite high complexity, and a PLS-DA model was successfully constructed achieving 82.1% accuracy.

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

References

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease. 2010. - PubMed
  2. Benowitz NL. Nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2295-2303. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0809890 - PubMed
  3. Mackay J, Eriksen M. Tobacco Atlas. 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002. - PubMed
  4. Souza Cruz Cigarette Company. 2016. - PubMed
  5. United States Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. 2014. 1-943 - PubMed
  6. Chaloupka FJ, Straif K, Leon ME. Effectiveness of tax and price policies in tobacco control. Tob Control. 2011;20(3):235-238. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.039982 - PubMed
  7. Chaloupka FJ, Yurekli A, Fong GT. Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):172-180. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417 - PubMed
  8. Lee J-M, Chen S-H, Chen H-F, Jeng H-YJ. Price sensitivity and smoking smuggled cigarettes. Eur J Public Health. 2008;19(1):23-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn115 - PubMed
  9. Kurti MK, von Lampe K, Thompkins DE. The illegal cigarette market in a socioeconomically deprived inner-city area: The case of the south Bronx. Tob Control. 2013;22(2):138-140. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050412 - PubMed
  10. Moodie C, Hastings G, Joossens L. Young adult smokers' perceptions of illicit tobacco and the possible impact of plain packaging on purchase behaviour. Eur J Public Health. 2012;22(2):251-253. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr038 - PubMed
  11. Joossens L, Raw M. From cigarette smuggling to illicit tobacco trade. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):230-234. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050205 - PubMed
  12. Mello D. Mais de 40% dos cigarros vendidos em São Paulo vêm do contrabando. Agência Brasil. http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2017-08/mais-de-40-dos-cigarros-vendidos-em-sao-paulo-vem-do-contrabando. Published August 13, 2017. - PubMed
  13. von Lampe K. The illegal cigarette trade. Int Crime Justice. 2014;148-154. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511762116.025 - PubMed
  14. NCSTV. Documentário revela como contrabando de cigarro financia o tráfico de drogas e armas. G1. https://g1.globo.com/sc/santa-catarina/noticia/reportagem-revela-como-contrabando-de-cigarro-financia-o-trafico-de-drogas-e-armas.ghtml. Published August 16, 2017. - PubMed
  15. Valadares C. Tabaco causa prejuízo de R$ 56,9 bilhões com despesas médicas no Brasil. Quarta, 31 Maio 2017, 11h34. 2017:1. http://portalms.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/28578-tabaco-causa-prejuizo-de-r-56-9-bilhoes-com-despesas-medicas-no-brasil. - PubMed
  16. Dias E. Mais de 50% do cigarro consumido no Brasil é contrabandeado. Gazeta Online. https://www.gazetaonline.com.br/noticias/policia/2019/04/mais-de-50-do-cigarro-consumido-no-brasil-e-contrabandeado-1014175795.html. Published April 9, 2019. - PubMed
  17. Moldoveanu SC, Kiser M. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry versus liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection in the analysis of phenols in mainstream cigarette smoke. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141 (1): 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.100, 1 - PubMed
  18. Kulshreshtha N, Moldoveanu S. Analysis of pyridines in mainstream cigarette smoke. J Chromatogr A. 2003;985(1-2):303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01472-3 - PubMed
  19. Coggins CRE, Liu J, Merski JA, Werley MS, Oldham MJ. A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. Inhal Toxicol. 2011;23(supp1):84-89. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2010.545841 - PubMed
  20. Wang X, Wang Y, Qin Y, Ding L, Chen Y, Xie F. Sensitive and selective determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream cigarette smoke using a graphene-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber prior to GC/MS. Talanta. 2015;140:102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.030 - PubMed
  21. Smith C, Dooly G, Moldoveanu S. New technique using solid-phase extraction for the analysis of aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke. J Chromatogr A. 2003;991(1):99-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00205-X - PubMed
  22. Rustemeier K, Stabbert R, Haussmann H-J, Roemer E, Carmines E. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2. Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(1):93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00085-0 - PubMed
  23. Kurti M, He Y, von Lampe K, Li Y. Identifying counterfeit cigarette packs using ultraviolet irradiation and light microscopy. Tob Control. 2017;26(1):29-33. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052555 - PubMed
  24. He Y, von Lampe K, Wood L, Kurti M. Investigation of lead and cadmium in counterfeit cigarettes seized in the United States. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;81:40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.006 - PubMed
  25. Swami K, Judd CD, Orsini J. Trace metals analysis of legal and counterfeit cigarette tobacco samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrosc Lett. 2009;42(8):479-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010903267799 - PubMed
  26. Mullett WM, Lai EPC, Sellergren B. Determination of nicotine in tobacco by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction with differential pulsed elution. Anal Commun. 1999;36(6):217-220. https://doi.org/10.1039/a902509j - PubMed
  27. Mitschke S, Adam T, Streibel T, Baker RR, Zimmermann R. Application of time-of-flight mass spectrometry with laser-based photoionization methods for time-resolved on-line analysis of mainstream cigarette smoke. Anal Chem. 2005;77(8):2288-2296. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac050075r - PubMed
  28. Hertz-Schünemann R, Ehlert S, Streibel Tet al. High-resolution time and spatial imaging of tobacco and its pyrolysis products during a cigarette puff by microprobe sampling photoionisation mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407 (8): 2293-2299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8447-7 - PubMed
  29. Giordani L, Rizzio E, Brandone A. Neutron activation analysis in forensic investigations: Trace elements characterization of cigarettes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2005;263(3):739-744. - PubMed
  30. Ifa DR, Jackson AU, Paglia G, Cooks RG. Forensic applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;394(8):1995-2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2659-2 - PubMed
  31. Wang H, Liu J, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Paper spray for direct analysis 1of complex mixtures using mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2010;49(5):877-880. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906314 - PubMed
  32. Almeida de Paula CC, Lordeiro RA, Piccin E, Augusti R. Paper spray mass spectrometry applied to the detection of cocaine in simulated samples. Anal Methods. 2015;7(21):9145-9149. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02263K - PubMed
  33. Su Y, Wang H, Liu J, Wei P, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Quantitative paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of drugs of abuse. Analyst. 2013;138(16):4443-4447. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3an00934c - PubMed
  34. Espy RD, Teunissen SF, Manicke NE, et al. Paper spray and extraction spray mass spectrometry for the direct and simultaneous quantification of eight drugs of abuse in whole blood. Anal Chem. 2014;86(15):7712-7718. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac5016408 - PubMed
  35. Deng J, Yang Y. Chemical fingerprint analysis for quality assessment and control of Bansha herbal tea using paper spray mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2013;785:82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.056 - PubMed
  36. Li A, Wei P, Hsu H-C, Cooks RG. Direct analysis of 4-methylimidazole in foods using paper spray mass spectrometry. Analyst. 2013;138(16):4624-4630. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3an00888f - PubMed
  37. Mazzotti F, Di Donna L, Taverna D, Nardi M. Evaluation of dialdehydic anti-inflammatory active principles in extra-virgin olive oil by reactive paper spray mass spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom. 2013;352:87-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2013.07.012 - PubMed
  38. Taverna D, Di Donna L, Mazzotti F, Policicchio B, Sindona G. High-throughput determination of Sudan azo-dyes within powdered chili pepper by paper spray mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2013;48(5):544-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.3181 - PubMed
  39. Ferreira OS, de Abreu e Silva DF, Augusti R, Piccin E. Forensic analysis of ballpoint pen inks using paper spray mass spectrometry. Analyst. 2015;140(3):811-819. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4an01617c. - PubMed
  40. Jurisch M, Augusti R. Detection of signature forgery with erasable pens using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). Anal Methods. 2016;8(23):4543-4546. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY00487C - PubMed
  41. Espy RD, Muliadi AR, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Spray mechanism in paper spray ionization. Int J Mass Spectrom. 2012;325-327:167-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2012.06.017 - PubMed
  42. Sacré PY, Deconinck E, Saerens L, et al. Detection of counterfeit Viagra® by Raman microspectroscopy imaging and multivariate analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011;56(2):454-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.042 - PubMed
  43. Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Been F, Margot P. Detection and chemical profiling of medicine counterfeits by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. Anal Chim Acta. 2011;705(1-2):334-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.043 - PubMed
  44. Di Paola-Naranjo RD, Baroni MV, Podio NS, et al. Fingerprints for main varieties of Argentinean wines: Terroir differentiation by inorganic, organic, and stable isotopic analyses coupled to chemometrics. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(14):7854-7865. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2007419 - PubMed
  45. Wu D, Nie P, He Y, Bao Y. Determination of calcium content in powdered milk using near and mid-infrared spectroscopy with variable selection and chemometrics. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2012;5(4):1402-1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0492-4 - PubMed
  46. Pereira HV, Amador VS, Sena MM, Augusti R, Piccin E. Paper spray mass spectrometry and PLS-DA improved by variable selection for the forensic discrimination of beers. Anal Chim Acta. 2016;940:104-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.002 - PubMed
  47. Teodoro JAR, Pereira HV, Correia DN, Sena MM, Piccin E, Augusti R. Forensic discrimination between authentic and counterfeit perfumes using paper spray mass spectrometry and multivariate supervised classification. Anal Methods. 2017;9(34):4979-4987. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY01295K - PubMed
  48. Miller JN, Miller JC. Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry. 6th ed. Pearson; 2010. 1-260 - PubMed
  49. Fagerstrom KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1990; 69 (11): 763-765+768. - PubMed
  50. Baker RR. Special edition: The effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004;42(1). 1-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.006 - PubMed
  51. López MI, Colomer N, Ruisánchez I, Callao MP. Validation of multivariate screening methodology. Case study: Detection of food fraud. Anal Chim Acta. 2014;827:28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.019 - PubMed
  52. de Paula CCA, Valadares A, Jurisch M, Piccin E, Augusti R. Paper spray mass spectrometry applied in the monitoring of a chemical system in dynamic chemical equilibrium: The redox process of methylene blue. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2016;30(9):1176-1180. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7546 - PubMed
  53. Tang L, Kebarle P. Dependence of ion intensity in electrospray mass spectrometry on the concentration of the analytes in the electrosprayed solution. Anal Chem. 1993;65(24):3654-3668. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00072a020 - PubMed

Publication Types

Grant support