Display options
Cite
Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments. Med Sci (Basel). 2020;8(1)doi: 10.3390/medsci8010018.
Testa, U., Castelli, G., & Pelosi, E. (2020). Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments. Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 8(1), . https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci8010018
Testa, Ugo, et al. "Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments." Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 8,1 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci8010018
Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments. Med Sci (Basel). 2020 Mar 23;8(1). doi: 10.3390/medsci8010018. PMID: 32210163; PMCID: PMC7151639.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Med Sci (Basel). 2020 Mar 23;8(1). doi: 10.3390/medsci8010018.

Breast Cancer: A Molecularly Heterogenous Disease Needing Subtype-Specific Treatments.

Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)

Ugo Testa, Germana Castelli, Elvira Pelosi

Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome,Italy.

PMID: 32210163 PMCID: PMC7151639 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8010018

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women. There were over two-million new cases in world in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death from cancer in western countries. At the molecular level, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which is characterized by high genomic instability evidenced by somatic gene mutations, copy number alterations, and chromosome structural rearrangements. The genomic instability is caused by defects in DNA damage repair, transcription, DNA replication, telomere maintenance and mitotic chromosome segregation. According to molecular features, breast cancers are subdivided in subtypes, according to activation of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor), of human epidermal growth factors receptor 2 (HER2), and or BRCA mutations. In-depth analyses of the molecular features of primary and metastatic breast cancer have shown the great heterogeneity of genetic alterations and their clonal evolution during disease development. These studies have contributed to identify a repertoire of numerous disease-causing genes that are altered through different mutational processes. While early-stage breast cancer is a curable disease in about 70% of patients, advanced breast cancer is largely incurable. However, molecular studies have contributed to develop new therapeutic approaches targeting HER2, CDK4/6, PI3K, or involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for BRCA mutation carriers and immunotherapy.

Keywords: biomarkers; breast cancer; cancer; cancer genomics; target therapy

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jul 3;114(27):7095-7100 - PubMed
  2. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 Feb 22;21(1):30 - PubMed
  3. Ann Oncol. 2019 Aug 1;30(8):1289-1297 - PubMed
  4. Cancer Res. 2018 Apr 15;78(8):2040-2051 - PubMed
  5. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 13;382(7):610-621 - PubMed
  6. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 May 1;25(9):2900-2914 - PubMed
  7. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Dec 1;110(12):1370-1379 - PubMed
  8. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Oct 25;5:35 - PubMed
  9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Dec 11;: - PubMed
  10. Genes Dev. 2012 Jul 15;26(14):1573-86 - PubMed
  11. Cell Rep. 2019 Jan 15;26(3):624-638.e8 - PubMed
  12. Cell Rep. 2016 Sep 20;16(12):3146-3156 - PubMed
  13. EMBO Mol Med. 2012 Nov;4(11):1200-13 - PubMed
  14. Nat Genet. 2019 Jun;51(6):1060-1066 - PubMed
  15. Ann Oncol. 2019 Jun 1;30(6):945-952 - PubMed
  16. Cancer Discov. 2019 Feb;9(2):176-198 - PubMed
  17. Nature. 2012 May 16;486(7403):400-4 - PubMed
  18. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Aug 1;37(22):1868-1875 - PubMed
  19. BMC Cancer. 2018 Feb 22;18(1):219 - PubMed
  20. ScientificWorldJournal. 2018 Jul 8;2018:2415489 - PubMed
  21. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Apr 1;4(4):545-553 - PubMed
  22. Cell Rep. 2019 Jul 30;28(5):1370-1384.e5 - PubMed
  23. Lancet. 2017 Jun 17;389(10087):2430-2442 - PubMed
  24. Mod Pathol. 2009 Nov;22(11):1401-14 - PubMed
  25. Ann Oncol. 2013 Nov;24(11):2715-24 - PubMed
  26. EMBO Mol Med. 2014 Oct 20;6(12):1542-60 - PubMed
  27. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Jun 4;116(23):11437-11443 - PubMed
  28. Cell Cycle. 2007 Oct 1;6(19):2332-8 - PubMed
  29. Nature. 2019 Mar;567(7748):399-404 - PubMed
  30. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 May;2(5):a003160 - PubMed
  31. Cancer Res. 2013 Aug 1;73(15):4885-97 - PubMed
  32. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 30;351(27):2817-26 - PubMed
  33. EMBO J. 2020 Mar 2;39(5):e102169 - PubMed
  34. Ann Oncol. 2016 Aug;27(8):1519-25 - PubMed
  35. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 1;34(16):1872-81 - PubMed
  36. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Jan 15;25(2):771-783 - PubMed
  37. JCI Insight. 2017 Aug 3;2(15): - PubMed
  38. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Nov 1;24(21):5292-5304 - PubMed
  39. Sci Rep. 2019 Aug 21;9(1):12184 - PubMed
  40. Int J Cancer. 2003 Aug 20;106(2):208-15 - PubMed
  41. Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1005-10 - PubMed
  42. Cell Rep. 2019 May 28;27(9):2690-2708.e10 - PubMed
  43. Lancet. 2011 Nov 12;378(9804):1707-16 - PubMed
  44. Cancer Res. 2017 May 1;77(9):2488-2499 - PubMed
  45. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Dec 15;25(24):7485-7496 - PubMed
  46. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 16;380(20):1929-1940 - PubMed
  47. Ann Oncol. 2018 Nov 1;29(11):2232-2239 - PubMed
  48. Oncotarget. 2015 May 30;6(15):13506-19 - PubMed
  49. Cancer Lett. 2019 Oct 1;461:21-30 - PubMed
  50. Cancer Cell. 2016 Mar 14;29(3):255-269 - PubMed
  51. Cancer Cell. 2018 Sep 10;34(3):427-438.e6 - PubMed
  52. J Clin Oncol. 2018 May 1;36(13):1308-1316 - PubMed
  53. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019 Feb;19(2):65-81 - PubMed
  54. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 20;30(21):2601-8 - PubMed
  55. J Clin Invest. 2011 Oct;121(10):3810-8 - PubMed
  56. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):206-14 - PubMed
  57. Cancer Cell. 2018 Dec 10;34(6):893-905.e8 - PubMed
  58. Nat Genet. 2016 Oct;48(10):1119-30 - PubMed
  59. Cancer. 2018 Feb 1;124(3):466-474 - PubMed
  60. Nature. 2010 Jun 10;465(7299):803-7 - PubMed
  61. J Pathol. 2008 Aug;215(4):398-410 - PubMed
  62. J Pathol. 2015 Aug;236(4):457-66 - PubMed
  63. Eur J Cancer. 2018 Feb;90:19-25 - PubMed
  64. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):2959-66 - PubMed
  65. Semin Oncol. 2019 Apr;46(2):121-132 - PubMed
  66. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016 Jan;155(2):405-13 - PubMed
  67. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 23;10(1):397 - PubMed
  68. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 14;9(1):4484 - PubMed
  69. Nat Commun. 2016 Oct 26;7:13207 - PubMed
  70. Cancer Discov. 2017 Feb;7(2):202-217 - PubMed
  71. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 07;7:42125 - PubMed
  72. Cell Rep. 2017 Mar 21;18(12):2825-2835 - PubMed
  73. J Oncol. 2019 Jul 11;2019:8707053 - PubMed
  74. J Hematol Oncol. 2020 Jan 7;13(1):4 - PubMed
  75. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009 Nov;33(11):1683-94 - PubMed
  76. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Jul 1;110(7):768-776 - PubMed
  77. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 1;33(25):2772-9 - PubMed
  78. Theranostics. 2017 Sep 20;7(16):4041-4056 - PubMed
  79. Oncol Rep. 2015 Apr;33(4):1837-43 - PubMed
  80. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2019 Jul 16;3:18 - PubMed
  81. Histopathology. 1980 Nov;4(6):613-30 - PubMed
  82. Nat Med. 2008 Dec;14(12):1384-9 - PubMed
  83. Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Aug 15;22(16):4045-56 - PubMed
  84. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Sep 23;5:31 - PubMed
  85. Nat Med. 2018 Jul;24(7):986-993 - PubMed
  86. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018 Jan;27(1):1-15 - PubMed
  87. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 16;107(11):5136-41 - PubMed
  88. Breast Cancer Res. 2018 Oct 10;20(1):122 - PubMed
  89. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jul 1;36(19):1941-1948 - PubMed
  90. Breast Cancer Res. 2012 Oct 22;14(5):R134 - PubMed
  91. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2013 Jan;52(1):69-80 - PubMed
  92. BMC Cancer. 2013 Nov 10;13:537 - PubMed
  93. PLoS Med. 2016 Dec 27;13(12):e1002201 - PubMed
  94. Nature. 2014 Feb 20;506(7488):322-7 - PubMed
  95. Cell Rep. 2018 Oct 30;25(5):1304-1317.e5 - PubMed
  96. Lancet. 2012 Feb 4;379(9814):432-44 - PubMed
  97. Nat Genet. 2018 Aug;50(8):1189-1195 - PubMed
  98. Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;70(14):5674-8 - PubMed
  99. Cell Rep. 2018 Oct 16;25(3):702-714.e6 - PubMed
  100. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Aug 1;110(8):855-862 - PubMed
  101. Clin Cancer Res. 2016 May 1;22(9):2250-60 - PubMed
  102. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 14;:JCO1902318 - PubMed
  103. Cancer Cell. 2019 Mar 18;35(3):428-440.e5 - PubMed
  104. Mol Cancer. 2019 Feb 19;18(1):26 - PubMed
  105. Clin Breast Cancer. 2017 Feb;17(1):e1-e10 - PubMed
  106. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Nov 10;35(32):3638-3646 - PubMed
  107. J Vis Exp. 2018 Oct 20;(140): - PubMed
  108. Theranostics. 2020 Jan 1;10(4):1531-1543 - PubMed
  109. Cancer Res. 2012 Nov 15;72(22):5856-66 - PubMed
  110. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 15;379(20):1926-1936 - PubMed
  111. Nat Commun. 2016 May 10;7:11479 - PubMed
  112. Cell. 2011 Nov 11;147(4):759-72 - PubMed
  113. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Sep;17(9):5338-47 - PubMed
  114. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2018 Jul 26;4:19 - PubMed
  115. Cell. 2012 May 25;149(5):979-93 - PubMed
  116. JCO Precis Oncol. 2018;2018: - PubMed
  117. Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 1;65(23):10992-1000 - PubMed
  118. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;24(16):7260-74 - PubMed
  119. J Pathol. 2018 Apr;244(4):460-468 - PubMed
  120. Cancer Res. 2012 May 1;72(9):2416-27 - PubMed
  121. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019 Sep;84(3):609-620 - PubMed
  122. Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Aug 1;22(15):3764-73 - PubMed
  123. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014 Jan;106(1):djt319 - PubMed
  124. J Pathol. 2017 Feb;241(3):405-419 - PubMed
  125. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jun 13;: - PubMed
  126. Breast Cancer Res. 2016 Mar 01;18(1):19 - PubMed
  127. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 25;20(3): - PubMed
  128. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Apr;19(4):497-509 - PubMed
  129. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020 Apr;17(4):233-250 - PubMed
  130. J Clin Pathol. 2017 Mar;70(3):255-259 - PubMed
  131. Sci Rep. 2019 Feb 7;9(1):1538 - PubMed
  132. Gene. 2019 Jan 30;683:47-53 - PubMed
  133. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Jun 1;24(11):2605-2615 - PubMed
  134. Cell Signal. 2017 Jan;29:41-51 - PubMed
  135. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017 Oct;14(10):595-610 - PubMed
  136. Nature. 2010 Jun 10;465(7299):798-802 - PubMed
  137. Cell. 2007 Jan 26;128(2):383-97 - PubMed
  138. Ann Oncol. 2018 Jan 1;29(1):170-177 - PubMed
  139. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 10;38(5):388-394 - PubMed
  140. Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Feb 3;10(2):183-97 - PubMed
  141. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1612:139-147 - PubMed
  142. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Dec 10;: - PubMed
  143. Nature. 2019 May;569(7757):560-564 - PubMed
  144. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 May;26(5):471-482 - PubMed
  145. Nat Commun. 2016 May 13;7:11579 - PubMed
  146. Nat Genet. 2013 Dec;45(12):1446-51 - PubMed
  147. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Jan;68(1):7-30 - PubMed
  148. Mol Cancer Res. 2019 Feb;17(2):457-468 - PubMed
  149. EMBO J. 2013 Mar 6;32(5):617-28 - PubMed
  150. Cell Stem Cell. 2010 Jun 4;6(6):568-77 - PubMed
  151. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 1;34(25):2961-8 - PubMed
  152. Mol Cell. 2012 May 25;46(4):424-35 - PubMed
  153. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Jan 15;24(2):395-406 - PubMed
  154. Nat Med. 2019 Oct;25(10):1526-1533 - PubMed
  155. J Pathol. 2009 Jul;218(3):301-15 - PubMed
  156. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Apr 1;36(10):981-990 - PubMed
  157. Cancer Sci. 2019 May;110(5):1760-1770 - PubMed
  158. JAMA Oncol. 2017 Feb 1;3(2):227-234 - PubMed
  159. Mol Cancer Ther. 2020 Jan;19(1):292-303 - PubMed
  160. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 May 1;20(9):2326-37 - PubMed
  161. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jul;19(7):904-915 - PubMed
  162. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 1;26(3):623-631 - PubMed
  163. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 25;381(4):307-316 - PubMed
  164. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Feb;26(2):177-185 - PubMed
  165. Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):999-1005 - PubMed
  166. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 16;11(6):e0157368 - PubMed
  167. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Jun 1;23(11):2806-2816 - PubMed
  168. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Apr 1;21(7):1688-98 - PubMed
  169. Nature. 2000 Aug 17;406(6797):747-52 - PubMed
  170. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Mar 15;21(6):1487-96 - PubMed
  171. Nature. 2016 May 02;534(7605):47-54 - PubMed
  172. Nat Med. 2018 May;24(5):628-637 - PubMed
  173. BMC Biotechnol. 2011 May 09;11:46 - PubMed
  174. Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):61-70 - PubMed
  175. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Nov 1;111(11):1202-1215 - PubMed
  176. Nat Commun. 2019 Mar 26;10(1):1373 - PubMed
  177. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Sep;135(2):415-32 - PubMed
  178. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Oct 07;: - PubMed
  179. Cancer Discov. 2020 Jan;10(1):72-85 - PubMed
  180. Breast Cancer Res. 2018 Jan 30;20(1):8 - PubMed
  181. Mol Oncol. 2020 Mar;14(3):504-519 - PubMed
  182. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Jul 15;23(14):3859-3870 - PubMed
  183. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(5):R68 - PubMed
  184. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1195-1205 - PubMed
  185. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020 Mar;27(3):153-162 - PubMed
  186. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 Feb 18;21(1):28 - PubMed
  187. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Sep 1;19(17):4685-96 - PubMed
  188. J Clin Invest. 2020 Jan 2;130(1):231-246 - PubMed
  189. Cell Chem Biol. 2017 Sep 21;24(9):1092-1100 - PubMed
  190. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Oct;20(10):1360-1369 - PubMed
  191. Mod Pathol. 2019 Dec 19;: - PubMed
  192. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019 Oct;26(10):779-794 - PubMed
  193. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 25;375(8):717-29 - PubMed
  194. Cancer Res. 2019 Mar 1;79(5):982-993 - PubMed
  195. Cells. 2019 Jun 20;8(6): - PubMed
  196. Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):81-4 - PubMed
  197. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 Dec 31;109(6): - PubMed
  198. Mod Pathol. 2018 Jan;31(1):68-82 - PubMed
  199. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Jan 15;25(2):674-686 - PubMed
  200. Breast Cancer Res. 2013 Jan 21;15(1):R5 - PubMed
  201. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Apr;18(4):e228-e232 - PubMed
  202. J Pathol. 2018 Jul;245(3):373-383 - PubMed
  203. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020 Mar;84:101965 - PubMed
  204. Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 22;9(1):286 - PubMed
  205. Histopathology. 2019 Jul;75(1):139-145 - PubMed
  206. Cancer Res. 2017 May 1;77(9):2213-2221 - PubMed
  207. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Mar 15;14(6):1767-74 - PubMed
  208. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Nov 1;25(21):6443-6451 - PubMed
  209. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 6;112(1):214-9 - PubMed
  210. Cell. 2018 Jan 11;172(1-2):205-217.e12 - PubMed
  211. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 10;28(11):1829-34 - PubMed
  212. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Jun 27;5:19 - PubMed
  213. Breast J. 2019 Nov;25(6):1171-1176 - PubMed
  214. J Clin Invest. 2015 May;125(5):2123-35 - PubMed
  215. Nature. 2012 Jun 20;486(7403):405-9 - PubMed
  216. Breast Cancer Res. 2018 Aug 7;20(1):88 - PubMed
  217. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2019 Jan 21;25:15-25 - PubMed
  218. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019 Jun;175(2):389-399 - PubMed
  219. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Jun 27;5:18 - PubMed
  220. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 12;379(2):111-121 - PubMed
  221. Eur J Cancer. 2018 May;94:199-205 - PubMed
  222. PLoS One. 2019 Nov 6;14(11):e0224726 - PubMed
  223. J Clin Invest. 2010 Jul;120(7):2406-13 - PubMed
  224. Nat Genet. 2013 Dec;45(12):1439-45 - PubMed
  225. Nat Commun. 2019 Jul 22;10(1):3261 - PubMed
  226. BMC Cancer. 2010 Nov 30;10:654 - PubMed
  227. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37(14):1169-1178 - PubMed
  228. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 18;8(1):15454 - PubMed
  229. Development. 2017 Mar 15;144(6):1065-1071 - PubMed
  230. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 Dec 11;21(1):141 - PubMed
  231. Lancet. 2017 Jun 17;389(10087):2415-2429 - PubMed
  232. Nat Genet. 2013 Oct;45(10):1127-33 - PubMed
  233. Front Oncol. 2019 Aug 06;9:707 - PubMed
  234. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2019;19:100123 - PubMed
  235. Breast. 2017 Feb;31:114-120 - PubMed
  236. Nat Cell Biol. 2018 Jun;20(6):666-676 - PubMed
  237. Cell Rep. 2019 Aug 6;28(6):1526-1537.e4 - PubMed
  238. Nat Commun. 2019 Nov 1;10(1):5016 - PubMed
  239. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Dec;18(12):1688-1700 - PubMed
  240. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 28;380(13):1226-1234 - PubMed
  241. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019 May;16(5):296-311 - PubMed
  242. Nat Commun. 2018 Jul 9;9(1):2372 - PubMed
  243. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Nov;154(1):155-62 - PubMed
  244. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jan;21(1):33-43 - PubMed
  245. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2016;35:18-21 - PubMed
  246. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Aug 28;9:492 - PubMed
  247. Lancet. 2011 Oct 22;378(9801):1461-84 - PubMed
  248. Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 Jul;15(7):1746-56 - PubMed
  249. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013 Jul;37(7):e1-11 - PubMed
  250. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Mar 1;37(7):559-569 - PubMed
  251. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2019 Dec;7(12):e1001 - PubMed
  252. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Apr;18(4):545-554 - PubMed
  253. Histopathology. 2010 Aug;57(2):171-92 - PubMed
  254. Mol Cell. 2019 Aug 22;75(4):791-806.e8 - PubMed
  255. Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):114-8 - PubMed
  256. Theranostics. 2019 Jul 9;9(17):4935-4945 - PubMed
  257. EBioMedicine. 2019 May;43:211-224 - PubMed
  258. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Jan 11;: - PubMed
  259. Nature. 2015 Dec 10;528(7581):267-71 - PubMed
  260. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 9;377(19):1836-1846 - PubMed
  261. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Sep 1;23(17):5218-5224 - PubMed
  262. Cancer Discov. 2011 Sep;1(4):338-51 - PubMed
  263. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Apr 11;97(8):4262-6 - PubMed
  264. Oncogene. 2015 Feb 5;34(6):681-90 - PubMed
  265. Nat Genet. 2016 Oct;48(10):1260-6 - PubMed
  266. Science. 2019 Nov 8;366(6466):714-723 - PubMed
  267. iScience. 2019 Nov 22;21:341-358 - PubMed
  268. Cell. 2018 May 3;173(4):879-893.e13 - PubMed
  269. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Mar 10;27(8):1160-7 - PubMed
  270. Hum Pathol. 2019 Apr;86:85-92 - PubMed
  271. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Jul 1;110(7):726-733 - PubMed
  272. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Apr 15;24(8):1845-1852 - PubMed
  273. Nature. 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):240-4 - PubMed
  274. Nature. 1994 Jun 23;369(6482):669-71 - PubMed
  275. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(4):R65 - PubMed
  276. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Apr;120(2):409-18 - PubMed
  277. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 27;11(1):532 - PubMed
  278. Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):131-5 - PubMed
  279. Cancer Cell. 2018 Feb 12;33(2):173-186.e5 - PubMed
  280. Ann Oncol. 2018 Apr 1;29(4):895-902 - PubMed
  281. Nature. 2011 Oct 09;479(7372):189-93 - PubMed
  282. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2015 Feb;23(2):97-103 - PubMed
  283. Front Oncol. 2019 Oct 29;9:1124 - PubMed
  284. Oncogenesis. 2016 Oct 31;5(10):e267 - PubMed
  285. Cancer Res. 2018 Jun 15;78(12):3112-3121 - PubMed
  286. Front Genet. 2018 Oct 01;9:421 - PubMed
  287. Nat Commun. 2019 Feb 15;10(1):766 - PubMed
  288. Nat Genet. 2015 Oct;47(10):1212-9 - PubMed
  289. Mod Pathol. 2018 Nov;31(11):1661-1674 - PubMed
  290. Cancer. 2019 Jul 1;125(13):2194-2202 - PubMed
  291. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017 Apr 24;3:16 - PubMed
  292. Cell. 2015 Sep 24;163(1):39-53 - PubMed
  293. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017 Jun;163(2):263-272 - PubMed
  294. Cancer. 2019 Sep 15;125(18):3131-3138 - PubMed
  295. Mod Pathol. 2011 Feb;24(2):209-31 - PubMed
  296. Oncogene. 2019 Mar;38(12):2092-2107 - PubMed
  297. Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Aug 1;23(15):4402-4415 - PubMed
  298. Nat Commun. 2016 Jul 13;7:12222 - PubMed
  299. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 10;108(19):7950-5 - PubMed
  300. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017 Jul 1;109(7): - PubMed
  301. Ann Oncol. 2016 Feb;27(2):256-62 - PubMed
  302. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017 Jul;143(7):1255-1262 - PubMed
  303. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2019 Nov 27;11:1758835919887665 - PubMed
  304. Cancer Res Treat. 2019 Oct;51(4):1527-1539 - PubMed
  305. Nat Commun. 2018 Sep 27;9(1):3953 - PubMed
  306. Mol Cell. 2008 Jul 25;31(2):212-21 - PubMed
  307. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1612:125-137 - PubMed
  308. Nat Genet. 2019 Oct;51(10):1450-1458 - PubMed
  309. Cancer Res. 2018 Jan 15;78(2):422-435 - PubMed
  310. Ann Oncol. 2017 May 1;28(5):1070-1077 - PubMed
  311. Hum Pathol. 2012 Dec;43(12):2207-12 - PubMed
  312. BMC Med Genomics. 2015 Aug 22;8:54 - PubMed
  313. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Feb 22;5:9 - PubMed
  314. Br J Cancer. 2019 Jan;120(2):247-255 - PubMed
  315. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Nov 1;29(31):4160-7 - PubMed
  316. Am J Pathol. 2010 Jun;176(6):2911-20 - PubMed
  317. JAMA Oncol. 2017 May 1;3(5):666-671 - PubMed
  318. Mol Cancer Ther. 2018 May;17(5):908-920 - PubMed
  319. Nature. 2010 Nov 4;468(7320):98-102 - PubMed
  320. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 10;28(20):3271-7 - PubMed
  321. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Aug;134(3):1257-68 - PubMed
  322. Cell. 2009 Sep 18;138(6):1083-95 - PubMed
  323. Cell Rep. 2018 Aug 7;24(6):1653-1666.e7 - PubMed
  324. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017 Nov;141(11):1577-1581 - PubMed
  325. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 Aug 5;21(1):87 - PubMed
  326. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Aug 1;24(15):3483-3485 - PubMed
  327. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017 Aug;164(3):667-678 - PubMed
  328. Nat Commun. 2018 Sep 4;9(1):3476 - PubMed
  329. Nat Cell Biol. 2016 Dec;18(12):1346-1356 - PubMed
  330. Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Oct 15;22(20):5043-5048 - PubMed
  331. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Jul;18(7):904-916 - PubMed
  332. Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;74(17):4853-4863 - PubMed
  333. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 20;102(51):18443-8 - PubMed
  334. Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Sep 7;11(3):387-400 - PubMed
  335. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Mar 15;26(6):1208-1212 - PubMed
  336. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Aug 13;11(8): - PubMed
  337. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Jan 15;26(2):354-363 - PubMed
  338. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jan;19(1):40-50 - PubMed
  339. Mol Cancer Ther. 2019 Jan;18(1):204-212 - PubMed
  340. Ann Oncol. 2019 May 1;30(5):774-780 - PubMed
  341. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 1;34(25):3069-103 - PubMed
  342. Ann Oncol. 2019 Jul 1;30(7):1071-1079 - PubMed
  343. Nat Biotechnol. 2014 Aug;32(8):760-72 - PubMed
  344. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 1;26(3):566-580 - PubMed
  345. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jan 22;7:395 - PubMed
  346. Cell Rep. 2018 May 1;23(5):1476-1490 - PubMed
  347. Breast Cancer Res. 2018 Sep 5;20(1):108 - PubMed
  348. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 Jan 31;21(1):18 - PubMed
  349. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 15;12(11):e0188068 - PubMed
  350. Cancer Discov. 2017 Mar;7(3):277-287 - PubMed
  351. Sci Rep. 2018 May 8;8(1):7139 - PubMed
  352. Commun Biol. 2019 Aug 9;2:306 - PubMed
  353. Tumour Biol. 2014 Aug;35(8):7693-8 - PubMed
  354. JCI Insight. 2017 Sep 7;2(17): - PubMed
  355. Nat Commun. 2016 Jul 04;7:12160 - PubMed
  356. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 1;26(3):657-668 - PubMed
  357. Exp Mol Med. 2018 Aug 7;50(8):99 - PubMed
  358. Breast Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 16;14(1):R11 - PubMed
  359. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 14;380(7):617-628 - PubMed
  360. Ann Oncol. 2019 Jan 1;30(1):115-123 - PubMed
  361. Lab Chip. 2015 Aug 21;15(16):3350-7 - PubMed
  362. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 26;381(13):1284-1286 - PubMed
  363. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Apr 15;25(8):2588-2600 - PubMed
  364. Biochem Soc Trans. 2019 Feb 28;47(1):109-117 - PubMed
  365. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 May 6;21(1):59 - PubMed
  366. Cancer Cell. 2014 Jul 14;26(1):136-49 - PubMed
  367. EMBO Rep. 2019 Oct 4;20(10):e48058 - PubMed
  368. Breast Cancer Res. 2017 Jan 17;19(1):7 - PubMed
  369. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):1750-1759 - PubMed
  370. Cell. 2018 Jan 11;172(1-2):373-386.e10 - PubMed
  371. Int J Cancer. 2019 Oct 1;145(7):1902-1912 - PubMed
  372. Breast Cancer Res. 2016 Jun 23;18(1):66 - PubMed
  373. Cancer Cell. 2017 Aug 14;32(2):169-184.e7 - PubMed
  374. Nature. 2011 Apr 7;472(7341):90-4 - PubMed
  375. Nat Commun. 2018 May 23;9(1):2028 - PubMed
  376. Nat Med. 2015 Jul;21(7):751-9 - PubMed
  377. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Dec 15;25(24):7388-7395 - PubMed
  378. Ann Oncol. 2014 Mar;25(3):611-8 - PubMed
  379. J Pathol. 2014 Apr;232(5):553-65 - PubMed
  380. Nature. 2014 Aug 14;512(7513):155-60 - PubMed
  381. Genes Dis. 2018 May 12;5(2):77-106 - PubMed
  382. Cancer Res. 2009 Aug 1;69(15):6299-306 - PubMed
  383. Cancer Res. 2009 May 15;69(10):4116-24 - PubMed
  384. Methods Enzymol. 1994;245:535-56 - PubMed
  385. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 16;11(1):320 - PubMed
  386. Oncol Ther. 2016;4(2):189-197 - PubMed
  387. J Clin Oncol. 2018 May 1;36(13):1291-1299 - PubMed
  388. Oncogene. 2017 Mar;36(11):1461-1473 - PubMed
  389. Nat Genet. 2013 Oct;45(10):1134-40 - PubMed
  390. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 3;109(1):221-6 - PubMed
  391. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2018 Mar 7;4:5 - PubMed
  392. JAMA Oncol. 2017 Dec 1;3(12):1707-1711 - PubMed
  393. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Nov 03;18(11): - PubMed
  394. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2016;81:141-150 - PubMed
  395. Nat Genet. 2017 Aug;49(8):1219-1230 - PubMed
  396. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 17;375(20):1925-1936 - PubMed
  397. Nature. 2016 Dec 22;540(7634):552-558 - PubMed
  398. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 10;109(15):5832-7 - PubMed
  399. Biol Proced Online. 2019 Jun 15;21:12 - PubMed
  400. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 May 30;20(11): - PubMed
  401. Mol Cancer Ther. 2019 Oct;18(10):1731-1743 - PubMed
  402. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Feb;19(2):249-256 - PubMed
  403. Genome Biol. 2014 Aug 28;15(8):431 - PubMed
  404. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 20;380(25):2395-2405 - PubMed
  405. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019 Nov;178(2):307-316 - PubMed
  406. FASEB J. 2019 Jul;33(7):8623-8633 - PubMed
  407. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Feb 20;34(6):542-9 - PubMed
  408. Nature. 2012 Jun 10;486(7403):353-60 - PubMed
  409. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 10;377(6):523-533 - PubMed
  410. Breast J. 2018 May;24(3):339-342 - PubMed
  411. Nature. 2012 Apr 04;486(7403):395-9 - PubMed
  412. J Pathol. 2010 Nov;222(3):282-98 - PubMed
  413. Mod Pathol. 2012 Mar;25(3):398-404 - PubMed
  414. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Dec 1;25(23):7139-7150 - PubMed
  415. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Sep;20(9):1226-1238 - PubMed
  416. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Aug 21;9:909 - PubMed
  417. Theranostics. 2018 Dec 8;8(22):6386-6399 - PubMed
  418. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Jul 25;5:20 - PubMed
  419. Nature. 2019 Aug;572(7770):538-542 - PubMed
  420. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 31;114(5):E707-E716 - PubMed
  421. Cancer Res. 2019 Oct 1;79(19):4965-4977 - PubMed
  422. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Oct 10;37(29):2610-2619 - PubMed
  423. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jun;20(6):816-826 - PubMed
  424. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Dec 15;18(24):6784-91 - PubMed
  425. Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 15;69(8):3625-33 - PubMed
  426. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Mar 20;33(9):983-91 - PubMed
  427. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Dec 15;24(24):6594-6610 - PubMed
  428. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;15(7):2302-10 - PubMed
  429. Nature. 2013 Aug 22;500(7463):415-21 - PubMed
  430. Nat Genet. 2017 Oct;49(10):1476-1486 - PubMed
  431. Elife. 2018 Sep 04;7: - PubMed
  432. Cell Rep. 2017 Aug 15;20(7):1525-1532 - PubMed
  433. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 6;101(14):4966-71 - PubMed
  434. Int J Cancer. 2020 Jan 15;146(2):487-495 - PubMed
  435. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;12(3):954-61 - PubMed
  436. Eur J Cancer. 2018 Nov;103:147-154 - PubMed
  437. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 13;382(7):597-609 - PubMed
  438. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 31;107(35):15449-54 - PubMed
  439. J Pathol Clin Res. 2019 Jul;5(3):189-198 - PubMed
  440. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016 Feb;156(1):21-32 - PubMed
  441. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Jan 11;11(1): - PubMed
  442. Ann Oncol. 2018 Jul 1;29(7):1541-1547 - PubMed
  443. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Jan 1;25(1):277-289 - PubMed
  444. Nature. 2014 Apr 3;508(7494):113-7 - PubMed
  445. Ann Oncol. 2019 Dec 1;30(12):1941-1949 - PubMed
  446. J Pathol. 2019 Feb;247(2):214-227 - PubMed
  447. Cancer Res. 2011 Jul 1;71(13):4344-51 - PubMed
  448. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Sep 6;98(17):1183-92 - PubMed
  449. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Apr 15;5:14 - PubMed
  450. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018 Nov;172(1):123-132 - PubMed
  451. Breast Cancer Res. 2018 Oct 1;20(1):115 - PubMed
  452. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 11;: - PubMed
  453. Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):119-23 - PubMed
  454. Breast Cancer Res. 2019 Feb 28;21(1):34 - PubMed
  455. JAMA Oncol. 2016 Oct 1;2(10):1287-1294 - PubMed
  456. Genes Dev. 2016 Jun 15;30(12):1470-80 - PubMed
  457. Ann Transl Med. 2019 Apr;7(8):179 - PubMed
  458. Cancer Discov. 2014 Feb;4(2):232-45 - PubMed
  459. Cell. 2012 Mar 2;148(5):1015-28 - PubMed
  460. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Apr 1;111(4):388-398 - PubMed
  461. Nat Med. 2011 Aug 07;17(9):1116-20 - PubMed
  462. BMC Genomics. 2019 Jun 3;20(1):452 - PubMed
  463. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Nov 15;25(22):6598-6605 - PubMed
  464. Invest New Drugs. 2020 Feb;38(1):120-130 - PubMed
  465. Exp Mol Med. 2015 Jan 30;47:e137 - PubMed
  466. Oncotarget. 2014 Oct 30;5(20):9952-65 - PubMed
  467. N Engl J Med. 2019 Nov 28;381(22):2145-2156 - PubMed
  468. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Feb 21;: - PubMed
  469. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018 Aug;18(8):485-499 - PubMed
  470. Breast Cancer Res. 2016 Feb 20;18(1):25 - PubMed
  471. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Feb 13;: - PubMed
  472. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 10;38(5):423-433 - PubMed
  473. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Sep 29;: - PubMed
  474. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Feb 1;26(3):608-622 - PubMed
  475. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2019 Jan 17;5:5 - PubMed
  476. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019 Oct;26(10):3166-3177 - PubMed
  477. J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Jan;23(1):512-521 - PubMed
  478. Nat Med. 2018 Sep;24(9):1469-1480 - PubMed
  479. Cell. 2018 Apr 5;173(2):321-337.e10 - PubMed
  480. Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):809-13 - PubMed
  481. Mol Cancer. 2018 Feb 26;17(1):67 - PubMed
  482. Front Oncol. 2018 Nov 20;8:518 - PubMed
  483. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jan;19(1):87-100 - PubMed
  484. Oncogene. 2013 Sep 12;32(37):4417-26 - PubMed
  485. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 13;9(1):19107 - PubMed
  486. Cell. 2012 May 25;149(5):994-1007 - PubMed
  487. Nat Cell Biol. 2018 Jun;20(6):677-687 - PubMed
  488. Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Aug;5(8):2069-76 - PubMed
  489. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 05;6:18517 - PubMed
  490. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Aug 20;36(24):2465-2472 - PubMed
  491. Oncologist. 2019 Nov;24(11):e1055-e1069 - PubMed
  492. Ann Oncol. 2019 Dec 1;30(Suppl_10):x27-x42 - PubMed
  493. EBioMedicine. 2018 Nov;37:144-157 - PubMed
  494. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020 Jan 1;112(1):46-54 - PubMed
  495. Lancet. 2011 Aug 27;378(9793):771-84 - PubMed
  496. Cell Stem Cell. 2017 Feb 2;20(2):247-260.e5 - PubMed
  497. EMBO J. 2019 Aug 1;38(15):e101654 - PubMed
  498. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011 Dec;130(3):871-7 - PubMed
  499. J Oncol. 2019 Jul 9;2019:4382606 - PubMed
  500. EMBO Mol Med. 2019 Dec;11(12):e10638 - PubMed
  501. Genes (Basel). 2019 Nov 22;10(12): - PubMed
  502. J Clin Invest. 2011 Jul;121(7):2750-67 - PubMed
  503. Nature. 2012 Apr 18;486(7403):346-52 - PubMed
  504. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Oct 1;19(19):5533-40 - PubMed
  505. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Sep 1;35(25):2875-2884 - PubMed
  506. Am J Pathol. 1993 Apr;142(4):987-93 - PubMed
  507. Clin Transl Oncol. 2020 Apr;22(4):474-485 - PubMed
  508. Int J Cancer. 2019 Feb 1;144(3):651-664 - PubMed
  509. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 23;5:12465 - PubMed
  510. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2015 May;139(5):642-9 - PubMed
  511. JCI Insight. 2018 Apr 19;3(8): - PubMed
  512. Oncotarget. 2016 Oct 18;7(42):67686-67698 - PubMed
  513. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 20;11(1):385 - PubMed
  514. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 23;379(8):753-763 - PubMed
  515. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Jan 22;116(4):1370-1377 - PubMed
  516. Cell. 2015 Oct 8;163(2):506-19 - PubMed
  517. Cancer Res. 2013 Jul 15;73(14):4474-87 - PubMed
  518. Oncotarget. 2018 Apr 20;9(30):21444-21458 - PubMed
  519. Nat Commun. 2018 Apr 10;9(1):1357 - PubMed
  520. Nat Genet. 2020 Feb;52(2):198-207 - PubMed
  521. Sci Rep. 2018 May 9;8(1):7329 - PubMed
  522. Nat Genet. 2019 Feb;51(2):207-216 - PubMed
  523. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Jul 1;25(13):3986-3995 - PubMed
  524. PLoS Med. 2016 Dec 13;13(12):e1002193 - PubMed
  525. BMC Cancer. 2018 Mar 7;18(1):265 - PubMed
  526. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Sep;118:1-9 - PubMed
  527. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Oct;18(10):1360-1372 - PubMed
  528. Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Aug 15;25(16):5002-5014 - PubMed
  529. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019 Sep 13;4:34 - PubMed
  530. Nature. 2016 Dec 22;540(7634):588-592 - PubMed
  531. Nat Med. 2017 Apr;23(4):517-525 - PubMed

Publication Types