Display options
Share it on

Pain Ther. 2020 Jun;9(1):195-215. doi: 10.1007/s40122-020-00159-3. Epub 2020 Mar 28.

An Evidence-Based Review of Fremanezumab for the Treatment of Migraine.

Pain and therapy

Ivan Urits, Gavin Clark, Daniel An, Bredan Wesp, Rebecca Zhou, Ariunzaya Amgalan, Amnon A Berger, Hisham Kassem, Anh L Ngo, Alan D Kaye, Rachel J Kaye, Elyse M Cornett, Omar Viswanath

Affiliations

  1. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [email protected].
  2. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
  3. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  4. Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
  5. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
  6. Department of Pain Medicine, Pain Specialty Group, Newington, NH, USA.
  7. Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
  8. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
  9. Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
  10. Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
  11. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.

PMID: 32222952 PMCID: PMC7203396 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00159-3

Abstract

Migraine headache is a common, chronic, debilitating disease with a complex etiology. Current therapy for migraine headache comprises either treatments targeting acute migraine pain or prophylactic therapy aimed at increasing the length of time between migraine episodes. Recent evidence suggests that calcium gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a critical component in the pathogenesis of migraines. Fremanezumab, a monoclonal antibody against CGRP, was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) after multiple studies showed that it was well-tolerated, safe, and effective in the treatment of migraines. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term effects of fremanezumab and CGRP-antagonists in general, and additional data is required in less healthy patients to estimate its effects in these populations and potentially increase the eligible group of recipients. This is a comprehensive review of the current literature on the efficacy and safety of fremanezumab for the treatment of chronic migraine. In this review we provide an update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current treatment of migraine, and summarize the evidence for fremanezumab as a treatment for migraine.

Keywords: CGRP; Chronic pain; Fremanezumab; Headache; Migraine; Monoclonal antibody

References

  1. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202 . - PubMed
  2. Quintela E, Castillo J, Muñoz P, Pascual J. Premonitory and resolution symptoms in migraine: a prospective study in 100 unselected patients. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(9):1051–60. - PubMed
  3. Viana M, Sances G, Ghiotto N, Guaschino E, Allena M, Nappi G, Goadsby P, Tassorelli C. Variability of the characteristics of a migraine attack within patients. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(9):825–30. - PubMed
  4. GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(11):954–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3 . - PubMed
  5. Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study. Headache. 2008;48(8):1157–68. - PubMed
  6. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211–59. - PubMed
  7. Buse DC, Loder EW, Gorman JA, Stewart WF, Reed ML, Fanning KM, Serrano D, Lipton RB. Sex differences in the prevalence, symptoms, and associated features of migraine, probable migraine and other severe headache: results of the American migraine prevalence and prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2013;53(8):1278–99. - PubMed
  8. Lipton R, Stewart W, Diamond S, Diamond M, Reed M. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41(7):646. - PubMed
  9. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1603–58. - PubMed
  10. GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(11):877–97. - PubMed
  11. Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The prevalence and impact of Migraine and severe headache in the United States: figures and trends from government health studies. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2018;58(4):496–505. - PubMed
  12. Burch RC, Loder S, Loder E, Smitherman TA. The prevalence and burden of migraine and severe headache in the United States: updated statistics from government health surveillance studies. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2015;55(1):21–34. - PubMed
  13. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Celentano DD, Reed ML. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States: relation to age, income, race, and other sociodemographic factors. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1992;267(1):64–9. - PubMed
  14. MacGregor EA, Hackshaw A. Prevalence of migraine on each day of the natural menstrual cycle. Neurology. 2004;63(2):351–3. - PubMed
  15. Ashina S, Serrano D, Lipton RB, Maizels M, Manack AN, Turkel CC, Reed ML, Buse DC. Depression and risk of transformation of episodic to chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(8):615–24. - PubMed
  16. Breslau N, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Schultz LR, Welch KMA. Comorbidity of migraine and depression: investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1308–12. - PubMed
  17. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Modifiable risk factors for migraine progression. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2006;46(9):1334–43. - PubMed
  18. Lipton RB, Serrano D, Nicholson RA, Buse DC, Runken MC, Reed ML. Impact of NSAID and triptan use on developing chronic migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2013;53(10):1548–63. - PubMed
  19. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Caffeine as a risk factor for chronic daily headache: a population-based study. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2022–7. - PubMed
  20. Giffin NJ, Ruggiero L, Lipton RB, Silberstein SD, Tvedskov JF, Olesen J, Altman J, Goadsby PJ, Macrae A. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Neurology. 2003;60(6):935–40. - PubMed
  21. Kelman L. The premonitory symptoms (prodrome): a tertiary care study of 893 migraineurs. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2004;44(9):865–72. - PubMed
  22. Becker WJ. The diagnosis and management of chronic migraine in primary care. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2017;57(9):1471–81. - PubMed
  23. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine—current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(4):257–70. - PubMed
  24. May A, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. Headache Q. 1999;10(2):155. - PubMed
  25. Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V, Juptner M, Kaube H, Schayck RV, Coenen HH, Dlener HC. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med. 1995;1(July):658–60. - PubMed
  26. Akerman S, Holland PR, Goadsby PJ. Diencephalic and brainstem mechanisms in migraine. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(10):570–84. - PubMed
  27. Edvinsson L, Warfvinge K. Recognizing the role of CGRP and CGRP receptors in migraine and its treatment. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(3):366–73. - PubMed
  28. Charles A. The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):174–82. - PubMed
  29. Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(2):553–622. - PubMed
  30. Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Monteith T, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin-triggered migraine attacks. Brain. 2014;137(1):232–41. - PubMed
  31. Schoonman GG, Evers DJ, Terwindt GM, Van Dijk JG, Ferrari MD. The prevalence of premonitory symptoms in migraine: a questionnaire study in 461 patients. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(10):1209–13. - PubMed
  32. Charles AC, Baca SM. Cortical spreading depression and migraine. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(11):637–44. - PubMed
  33. Leao AAP. Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1944;7(6):359–90. - PubMed
  34. Goadsby PJ (2012) Pathophysiology of migraine. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 15(Suppl.):15–22. - PubMed
  35. Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, Schwartz D, Bakker D, Fischl B, Kwong K, Cutrer F, Rosen B, Tootell R, Sorensen A, Moskowitz M. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(8):4687. - PubMed
  36. Paemeleire K, Maassenvandenbrink A. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide pathway mAbs and migraine prevention. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018;31(3):274–80. - PubMed
  37. Digre KB. Whatʼs new in the treatment of migraine? J Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2019;39(3):352–9. - PubMed
  38. Eftekhari S, Salvatore CA, Johansson S, Chen TB, Zeng Z, Edvinsson L. Localization of CGRP, CGRP receptor, PACAP and glutamate in trigeminal ganglion. Relation to the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2015;1600:93–109. - PubMed
  39. Tajti J, Uddman R, Möller S, Sundler F, Edvinsson L. Messenger molecules and receptor mRNA in the human trigeminal ganglion. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1999;76(2–3):176–83. - PubMed
  40. Hou M, Kanje M, Longmore J, Tajti J, Uddman R, Edvinsson L. 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in the human trigeminal ganglion: co-localization with calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res. 2001;909(1–2):112–20. - PubMed
  41. Dieterle A, Fischer MJ, Link AS, Neuhuber WL, Messlinger K. Increase in CGRP-and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion after infusion of an NO donor. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(1):31–42. - PubMed
  42. Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D. Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology. J Neurosci. 2015;35(17):6619–29. - PubMed
  43. Iyengar S, Ossipov MH, Johnson KW. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral and central pain mechanisms including migraine. Pain. 2017;158(4):543–59. - PubMed
  44. Russo AF. CGRP: a new target for migraine. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;55(2):533–52. - PubMed
  45. Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, Julius D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell. 2009;139(2):267–84. - PubMed
  46. Yuan H, Spare NM, Silberstein SD. Targeting CGRP for the prevention of migraine and cluster headache: a narrative review. Headache. 2019;59(S2):20–32. - PubMed
  47. Antonaci F, Ghiotto N, Wu S, Pucci E, Costa A. Recent advances in migraine therapy. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):1–14. - PubMed
  48. Cameron C, Kelly S, Hsieh SC, Murphy M, Chen L, Kotb A, Peterson J, Coyle D, Skidmore B, Gomes T, Clifford T, Wells G. Triptans in the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Headache. 2015;55(S4):221–35. - PubMed
  49. Ong JJY, de Felice M. Migraine treatment: current acute medications and their potential mechanisms of action. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):274–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0592-1 . - PubMed
  50. Agostoni EC, Barbanti P, Calabresi P, Colombo B, Cortelli P, Frediani F, Geppetti P, Grazzi L, Leone M, Martelletti P, Pini LA, Prudenzano MP, Sarchielli P, Tedeschi G, Russo A. Current and emerging evidence-based treatment options in chronic migraine: a narrative review. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-019-1038-4 . - PubMed
  51. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2015;55(1):3–20. - PubMed
  52. Society AH. The American Headache Society position statement on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2019;59(1):1–18. - PubMed
  53. Proietti Cecchini A, Grazzi L. Emerging therapies for chronic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(4):408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0408-5 . - PubMed
  54. Ranoux D, Attal N, Morain F, Bouhassira D. Botulinum toxin type A induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(3):274–83. - PubMed
  55. Mathew NT, Frishberg BM, Gawel M, Dimitrova R, Gibson J, Turkel C. Botulinum toxin type a (Botox) for prophylactic treatment of chronic daily headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache. 2005;45(4):293–307. - PubMed
  56. Sandrini G, Perrotta A, Tassorelli C, Torelli P, Brighina F, Sances G, Nappi G. Botulinum toxin type—a in the prophylactic treatment of medication-overuse headache: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(4):427–33. - PubMed
  57. Blumenfeld A, Silberstein SD, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, Binder WJ. Method of injection of onabotulinumtoxina for chronic migraine: a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment paradigm based on the preempt clinical program. Headache. 2010;50(9):1406–18. - PubMed
  58. Barbanti P, Ferroni P. Onabotulinum toxin A in the treatment of chronic migraine: patient selection and special considerations. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2319–29. - PubMed
  59. Aoki KR. Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neurotoxicology. 2005;26(5):785–93. - PubMed
  60. Aoki KR, Francis J. Updates on the antinociceptive mechanism hypothesis of botulinum toxin A. Park Relat Disord. 2011;17(SUPPL. 1):S28–33. - PubMed
  61. Naegel S, Obermann M. Topiramate in the prevention and treatment of migraine: efficacy, safety and patient preference. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6(1):17–28. - PubMed
  62. Silberstein SD. Topiramate in migraine prevention: a 2016 perspective. Headache. 2017;57(1):165–78. - PubMed
  63. White HS. Molecular pharmacology of topiramate: managing seizures and preventing migraine. Headache. 2005;45(SUPPL. 1):48–56. - PubMed
  64. Schwedt TJ. Chronic migraine. Br Med J. 2014;348:g1416. - PubMed
  65. Do TP, Guo S, Ashina M. Therapeutic novelties in migraine: new drugs, new hope? J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):1–13. - PubMed
  66. Taylor FR. CGRP, amylin, immunology, and headache medicine. Headache. 2019;59(1):131–50. - PubMed
  67. Chan C, Goadsby PJ. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for episodic migraine. CNS Drugs. 2019;33(11):1053–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-019-00665-9 . - PubMed
  68. Dodick D, Lipton RB, Martin V, Papademetriou V, Rosamond W, VanDenBrink AM, Loutfi H, Welch KM, Goadsby PJ, Hahn S, Hutchinson S, Matchar D, Silberstein S, Smith TR, Purdy RA, Saiers J. Consensus statement: cardiovascular safety profile of triptans (5-HT 1B/1D agonists) in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache. 2004;44(5):414–25. - PubMed
  69. Puledda F, Messina R, Goadsby PJ. An update on migraine: current understanding and future directions. J Neurol. 2017;264(9):2031–9. - PubMed
  70. Negro A, Martelletti P. Gepants for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019;28(6):555–67. - PubMed
  71. Tepper SJ. Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) therapies: update on a previous review after the American headache society 60th scientific meeting, San Francisco, June 2018. Headache. 2018;58:276–90. - PubMed
  72. Ohlsson L, Kronvall E, Stratton J, Edvinsson L. Fremanezumab blocks CGRP induced dilatation in human cerebral, middle meningeal and abdominal arteries. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0905-8 . - PubMed
  73. Edvinsson L. The CGRP pathway in migraine as a viable target for therapies. Headache. 2018;58:33–47. - PubMed
  74. Bigal ME, Walter S, Rapoport AM. Therapeutic antibodies against CGRP or its receptor. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(6):886–95. - PubMed
  75. Raffaelli B, Reuter U. The biology of monoclonal antibodies: focus on calcitonin gene-related peptide for prophylactic migraine therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):324–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-018-0622-7 . - PubMed
  76. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. Highlights for Prescribing Information. AJOVY TM (fremanezumab-vfrm) injection, for subcutaneous use. Initial U.S. 2018. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761089s000lbl.pdf . - PubMed
  77. Hoy SM. Fremanezumab: first global approval. Drugs. 2018;78(17):1829–34. - PubMed
  78. Melo-Carrillo A, Noseda R, Nir R-R, Schain AJ, Stratton J, Strassman AM, Burstein R. Selective inhibition of trigeminovascular neurons by fremanezumab: a humanized monoclonal anti-CGRP antibody. J Neurosci. 2017;37(30):7149–63. - PubMed
  79. Edvinsson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN. CGRP as the target of new migraine therapies - successful translation from bench to clinic. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(6):338–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-018-0003-1 . - PubMed
  80. Silberstein SD, Cohen JM, Yeung PP. Fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2019;19(8):763–71. - PubMed
  81. Bigal ME, Edvinsson L, Rapoport AM, Lipton RB, Spierings ELH, Diener H-C, Burstein R, Loupe PS, Ma Y, Yang R, Silberstein SD. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of TEV-48125 for preventive treatment of chronic migraine: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(11):1091–100. - PubMed
  82. Bigal ME, Dodick DW, Rapoport AM, Silberstein SD, Ma Y, Yang R, Loupe PS, Burstein R, Newman LC, Lipton RB. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of TEV-48125 for preventive treatment of high-frequency episodic migraine: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(11):1081–90. - PubMed
  83. Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Bigal ME, Yeung PP, Goadsby PJ, Blankenbiller T, Grozinski-Wolff M, Yang R, Ma Y, Aycardi E. Effect of fremanezumab compared with placebo for prevention of episodic migraine: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(19):1999–2008. - PubMed
  84. Silberstein SD, Dodick DW, Bigal ME, Yeung PP, Goadsby PJ, Blankenbiller T, Grozinski-Wolff M, Yang R, Ma Y, Aycardi E. Fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2113–22. - PubMed
  85. Silberstein SD, McAllister P, Ning X, Faulhaber N, Lang N, Yeung P, Schiemann J, Aycardi E, Cohen JM, Janka L, Yang R. Safety and tolerability of fremanezumab for the prevention of migraine: a pooled analysis of phases 2b and 3 clinical trials. Headache. 2019;59(6):880–90. - PubMed
  86. Maasumi K, Michael RL, Rapoport AM. CGRP and migraine: the role of blocking calcitonin gene-related peptide ligand and receptor in the management of migraine. Drugs. 2018;78(9):913–28. - PubMed
  87. Melo-Carrillo A, Strassman AM, Nir R-R, Schain AJ, Noseda R, Stratton J, Burstein R. Fremanezumab-a humanized monoclonal anti-cgrp antibody-inhibits thinly myelinated (Aδ) but not unmyelinated (C) meningeal nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2017;37(44):10587–96. - PubMed
  88. Moskowitz MA, Reinhard JF, Romero J, Melamed E, Pettibone DJ. Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? Lancet. 1979;2(8148):883–5. - PubMed
  89. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of humans and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol. 1988;23(2):193–6. - PubMed
  90. Lionetto L, Curto M, Cisale GY, Capi M, Cipolla F, Guglielmetti M, Martelletti P. Fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019;12(8):741–8. - PubMed
  91. Edvinsson L. The trigeminovascular pathway: role of CGRP and CGRP receptors in migraine. Headache. 2017;57(Suppl 2):47–55. - PubMed
  92. Edvinsson L. Functional role of perivascular peptides in the control of cerebral circulation. Trends Neurosci. 1985;8:126–31. - PubMed
  93. Goadsby P, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol. 1990;28(2):183–7. - PubMed
  94. Ho TW, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. CGRP and its receptors provide new insights into migraine pathophysiology. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;6:573–82. - PubMed
  95. Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Goadsby PJ. Measurement of vasoactive neuropeptides in biological materials: problems and pitfalls from 30 years of experience and novel future approaches. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(6):761–6. - PubMed
  96. Cernuda-Morollón E, Larrosa D, Ramón C, Vega J, Martínez-Camblor P, Pascual J. Interictal increase of CGRP levels in peripheral blood as a biomarker for chronic migraine. Neurology. 2013;81(14):1191–6. - PubMed
  97. Hansen JM, Hauge AW, Olesen J, Ashina M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide triggers migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(10):1179–86. - PubMed
  98. Lassen L, Haderslev P, Jacobsen V, Iversen H, Sperling B, Olesen J. CGRP may play a causative role in migraine. Cephalagia. 2002;22(1):54–61. - PubMed
  99. Hansen JM, Ashina M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and migraine with aura: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2014;34(9):695–707. - PubMed
  100. Mason RT, Peterfreund RA, Sawchenko PE, Corrigan AZ, Rivier JE, Vale WW. Release of the predicted calcitonin gene-related peptide from cultured rat trigeminal ganglion cells. Nature. 1984;308(5960):653–5. - PubMed
  101. Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, Melo-Carrillo A, Burstein R, Moskowitz MA. Migraine and the trigeminovascular system—40 years and counting. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(8):795–804. - PubMed
  102. Eftekhari S, Salvatore CA, Calamari A, Kane SA, Tajti J, Edvinsson L. Differential distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human trigeminal ganglion. Neuroscience. 2010;169(2):683–96. - PubMed
  103. Miller S, Liu H, Warfvinge K, Shi L, Dovlatyan M, Xu C, Edvinsson L. Immunohistochemical localization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide binding site in the primate trigeminovascular system using functional antagonist antibodies. Neuroscience. 2016;328:165–83. - PubMed
  104. Lennerz JK, Rühle V, Ceppa EP, Neuhuber WL, Bunnett NW, Grady EF, Messlinger K. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminovascular system: differences between peripheral and central CGRP receptor distribution. J Comp Neurol. 2008;507(3):1277–99. - PubMed
  105. Eftekhari S, Warfvinge K, Blixt FW, Edvinsson L. Differentiation of nerve fibers storing CGRP and CGRP receptors in the peripheral trigeminovascular system. J Pain. 2013;14(11):1289–303. - PubMed
  106. Ning X, Cohen JM, Bennett NL, Yang R. Long-term safety of fremanezumab: results of a 1-year study. AAN Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. 2019. - PubMed
  107. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Kolodner KB, Sawyer J, Lee C, Liberman JN. Validity of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score in comparison to a diary-based measure in a population sample of migraine sufferers. Pain. 2000;88(1):41–52. - PubMed
  108. Bigal ME, Dodick DW, Krymchantowski AV, VanderPluym JH, Tepper SJ, Aycardi E, Loupe PS, Ma Y, Goadsby PJ. TEV-48125 for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine: efficacy at early time points. Neurology. 2016;87:41–8. - PubMed
  109. Cohen JM, Dodick DW, Yang R, Newman LC, Li T, Aycardi E, Bigal ME. Fremanezumab as add-on treatment for patients treated with other migraine preventive medicines. Headache. 2017;57(9):1375–84. - PubMed
  110. Chiang C-C, Schwedt TJ, Wang S-J, Dodick DW. Treatment of medication-overuse headache: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(4):371–86. - PubMed
  111. Halker Singh RB, Aycardi E, Bigal ME, Loupe PS, McDonald M, Dodick DW. Sustained reductions in migraine days, moderate-to-severe headache days and days with acute medication use for HFEM and CM patients taking fremanezumab: post-hoc analyses from phase 2 trials. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(1):52–60. - PubMed
  112. VanderPluym J, Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ma Y, Loupe PS, Bigal ME. Fremanezumab for preventive treatment of migraine: functional status on headache-free days. Neurology. 2018;91(12):E1152–65. - PubMed
  113. Silberstein SD, Rapoport AM, Loupe PS, Aycardi E, McDonald M, Yang R, Bigal ME. The effect of beginning treatment with fremanezumab on headache and associated symptoms in the randomized phase 2 study of high frequency episodic migraine: post-hoc analyses on the first 3 weeks of treatment. Headache. 2019;59(3):383–93. - PubMed
  114. D’Amico D, Tepper SJ. Prophylaxis of migraine: general principles and patient acceptance. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4:1155–67. - PubMed
  115. Cohen-Barak O, Weiss S, Rasamoelisolo M, Faulhaber N, Yeung PP, Loupe PS, Yoon E, Gandhi MD, Spiegelstein O, Aycardi E. A phase 1 study to assess the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of fremanezumab doses (225 mg, 675 mg and 900 mg) in Japanese and Caucasian healthy subjects. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(13):1960–71. - PubMed
  116. Yang M, Rendas-Baum R, Varon SF, Kosinski M. Validation of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6 - PubMed
  117. Ferrari MD, Diener HC, Ning X, Galic M, Cohen JM, Yang R, Mueller M, Ahn AH, Schwartz YC, Grozinski-Wolff M, Janka L, Ashina M. Fremanezumab versus placebo for migraine prevention in patients with documented failure to up to four migraine preventive medication classes (FOCUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10203):1030–40. - PubMed
  118. Majima M, Ito Y, Hosono K, Amano H. CGRP/CGRP receptor antibodies: potential adverse effects due to blockade of neovascularization? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2019;40(1):11–21. - PubMed
  119. Xu D, Chen D, Zhu LN, Tan G, Wang HJ, Zhang Y, Liu L. Safety and tolerability of calcitonin-gene-related peptide binding monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of episodic migraine - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(9):1164–79. - PubMed
  120. Evans RW. Raynaud’s phenomenon associated with calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody antagonists. Headache. 2019;59(8):1360–4. - PubMed
  121. Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2014;94:1099–142. - PubMed
  122. Toda M, Suzuki T, Hosono K, Hayashi I, Hashiba S, Onuma Y, Amano H, Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Okamoto H, Hoka S, Majima M. Neuronal system-dependent facilitation of tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(36):13550–5. - PubMed
  123. Kurashige C, Hosono K, Matsuda H, Tsujikawa K, Okamoto H, Majima M. Roles ofreceptor activity-modifying protein 1 in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during skin wound healing in mice. FASEB J. 2014;28(3):1237–47. - PubMed
  124. Zahavi I, Chagnac A, Hering R, Davidovich S, Kuritzky A. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in patients with migraine. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144(4):742–4. - PubMed
  125. Bunker CB, Terenghi G, Springall DR, Polak JM, Dowd PM. Deficiency of calcitonin gene-related peptide in Raynaud’s phenomenon. Lancet. 2019;336(8730):1530–3. - PubMed
  126. Sacco S, Bendtsen L, Ashina M, Reuter U, Terwindt G, Mitsikostas D-D, Martelletti P. European headache federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies acting on the calcitonin gene related peptide or its receptor for migraine prevention. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):6–39. - PubMed
  127. Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Silberstein SD, Walter S, Hargreaves RJ, Aycardi E. From LBR-101 to fremanezumab for migraine. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(11):1025–37. - PubMed
  128. Lionetto L, Curto M, Cisale GY, Capi M, Guglielmetti M, Martelletti P. Expert review of clinical pharmacology fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Expert. Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019;12(8):741–8. - PubMed
  129. Favoni V, Giani L, Al-Hassany L, Asioli GM, Butera C, de Boer I, Guglielmetti M, Koniari C, Mavridis T, Vaikjärv M, Verhagen I, Verzina A, Zick B, Martelletti P, Sacco S, European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies (EHF-SAS). CGRP and migraine from a cardiovascular point of view: what do we expect from blocking CGRP? J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):27. - PubMed
  130. Deen M, Correnti E, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Rubio-Beltrán E, Vigneri S, Edvinsson L, Maassen Van Den Brink A. Blocking CGRP in migraine patients – a review of pros and cons. J Headache Pain. 2017;18:96. - PubMed
  131. Lionetto L, Cipolla F, Guglielmetti M, Martelletti P. Fremanezumab for the prevention of chronic and episodic migraine. Drugs Today (Barc). 2019;55(4):265–76. - PubMed
  132. Bigal ME, Walter S, Rapoport AM. Fremanezumab as a preventive treatment for episodic and chronic migraine. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019;19(8):719–28. - PubMed
  133. Raffaelli B, Neeb L, Reuter U. Monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of migraine. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2019;19(12):1307–17. - PubMed

Publication Types