Acta Naturae. 2020 Jan-Mar;12(1):33-41. doi: 10.32607/actanaturae.10935.
Genes that Control Vaccinia Virus Immunogenicity.
Acta naturae
S N Shchelkunov, G A Shchelkunova
Affiliations
Affiliations
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia.
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.
PMID: 32477596
PMCID: PMC7245956 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10935
Abstract
The live smallpox vaccine was a historical first and highly effective vaccine. However, along with high immunogenicity, the vaccinia virus (VACV) caused serious side effects in vaccinees, sometimes with lethal outcomes. Therefore, after global eradication of smallpox, VACV vaccination was stopped. For this reason, most of the human population worldwide lacks specific immunity against not only smallpox, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Outbreaks of diseases caused by these viruses have increasingly occurred in humans on different continents. However, use of the classical live VACV vaccine for prevention against these diseases is unacceptable because of potential serious side effects, especially in individuals with suppressed immunity or immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV-infected patients). Therefore, highly attenuated VACV variants that preserve their immunogenicity are needed. This review discusses current ideas about the development of a humoral and cellular immune response to orthopoxvirus infection/vaccination and describes genetic engineering approaches that could be utilized to generate safe and highly immunogenic live VACV vaccines.
Copyright ® 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics.
Keywords: immune modulating proteins; immunogenicity; protectiveness; smallpox; vaccination
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