Display options
Cite
Silvagno F, Vernone A, Pescarmona GP. The Role of Glutathione in Protecting against the Severe Inflammatory Response Triggered by COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(7)doi: 10.3390/antiox9070624.
Silvagno, F., Vernone, A., & Pescarmona, G. P. (2020). The Role of Glutathione in Protecting against the Severe Inflammatory Response Triggered by COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(7), . https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070624
Silvagno, Francesca, et al. "The Role of Glutathione in Protecting against the Severe Inflammatory Response Triggered by COVID-19." Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 9,7 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070624
Silvagno F, Vernone A, Pescarmona GP. The Role of Glutathione in Protecting against the Severe Inflammatory Response Triggered by COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 16;9(7). doi: 10.3390/antiox9070624. PMID: 32708578; PMCID: PMC7402141.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 16;9(7). doi: 10.3390/antiox9070624.

The Role of Glutathione in Protecting against the Severe Inflammatory Response Triggered by COVID-19.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Francesca Silvagno, Annamaria Vernone, Gian Piero Pescarmona

Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.

PMID: 32708578 PMCID: PMC7402141 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070624

Abstract

The novel COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the world's population differently: mostly in the presence of conditions such as aging, diabetes and hypertension the virus triggers a lethal cytokine storm and patients die from acute respiratory distress syndrome, whereas in many cases the disease has a mild or even asymptomatic progression. A common denominator in all conditions associated with COVID-19 appears to be the impaired redox homeostasis responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; therefore, levels of glutathione (GSH), the key anti-oxidant guardian in all tissues, could be critical in extinguishing the exacerbated inflammation that triggers organ failure in COVID-19. The present review provides a biochemical investigation of the mechanisms leading to deadly inflammation in severe COVID-19, counterbalanced by GSH. The pathways competing for GSH are described to illustrate the events concurring to cause a depletion of endogenous GSH stocks. Drawing on evidence from literature that demonstrates the reduced levels of GSH in the main conditions clinically associated with severe disease, we highlight the relevance of restoring GSH levels in the attempt to protect the most vulnerable subjects from severe symptoms of COVID-19. Finally, we discuss the current data about the feasibility of increasing GSH levels, which could be used to prevent and subdue the disease.

Keywords: N-acetylcysteine; ROS; SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); chloroquine; glutathione; glycine; inflammation; paracetamol

References

  1. Prostaglandins. 1990 Feb;39(2):123-34 - PubMed
  2. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Aug 1;15(3):593-606 - PubMed
  3. Crit Care Med. 2007 Sep;35(9 Suppl):S591-5 - PubMed
  4. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996;20(3):483-8 - PubMed
  5. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Jun 25;58(7):1021-1028 - PubMed
  6. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1991;24(5):449-54 - PubMed
  7. Medicines (Basel). 2019 Jul 25;6(3): - PubMed
  8. Acta Med Indones. 2017 Apr;49(2):158-165 - PubMed
  9. Clin Sci (Lond). 1996 Nov;91(5):575-82 - PubMed
  10. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018 Apr;42(4):618-624 - PubMed
  11. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Aug 1;53(3):554-63 - PubMed
  12. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2007 Oct-Dec;113(4-5):234-58 - PubMed
  13. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Dec;12(12):4331-7 - PubMed
  14. Exp Lung Res. 2010 Feb;36(1):45-56 - PubMed
  15. J Asthma. 2020 Jun 26;:1-8 - PubMed
  16. Endocr Res. 2001 Aug;27(3):309-16 - PubMed
  17. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(7):963-70 - PubMed
  18. Pharmacol Rev. 1998 Sep;50(3):335-56 - PubMed
  19. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2017 Aug;242(14):1412-1423 - PubMed
  20. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012 Jul;90(7):887-94 - PubMed
  21. Front Physiol. 2019 Apr 10;10:372 - PubMed
  22. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Jul 2;2018:4051232 - PubMed
  23. Trends Mol Med. 2020 Jun 30;: - PubMed
  24. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Nov;19(11):1983-8 - PubMed
  25. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23(4):648-57 - PubMed
  26. J Biosci. 2006 Sep;31(3):347-54 - PubMed
  27. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Dec;32(6):1124-31 - PubMed
  28. Acta Med Indones. 2019 Oct;51(4):311-317 - PubMed
  29. Metabolism. 2020 Jul;108:154262 - PubMed
  30. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-1062 - PubMed
  31. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):762-7 - PubMed
  32. Biochimie. 2014 Aug;103:61-70 - PubMed
  33. Diabetologia. 1995 Feb;38(2):201-10 - PubMed
  34. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-292.e6 - PubMed
  35. J Nutr. 2004 Mar;134(3):489-92 - PubMed
  36. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1987 Jan;39(1):13-6 - PubMed
  37. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Sep 22;61(10): - PubMed
  38. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Mar 1;423(1):126-35 - PubMed
  39. Arch Toxicol. 2004 Jul;78(7):402-9 - PubMed
  40. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun;57(3-4):145-55 - PubMed
  41. Eur Respir J. 2000 Sep;16(3):534-54 - PubMed
  42. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020 May 7;:e13267 - PubMed
  43. Mol Aspects Med. 2009 Feb-Apr;30(1-2):13-28 - PubMed
  44. Redox Biol. 2020 Jun;33:101516 - PubMed
  45. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jun;140(6):608-13 - PubMed
  46. Drug Dev Res. 2020 Jul 13;: - PubMed
  47. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Apr;46(4):586-590 - PubMed
  48. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2019 Jan 1;1104:190-195 - PubMed
  49. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2016 Feb;91:179-87 - PubMed
  50. J Virol. 2014 Jan;88(2):913-24 - PubMed
  51. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Nov;65(5):637-8 - PubMed
  52. Free Radic Res. 2001 Dec;35(6):873-84 - PubMed
  53. J Nutr. 2012 Jan;142(1):57-63 - PubMed
  54. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001 Jan;4(1):65-71 - PubMed
  55. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Aug-Sep;69(2-3):111-6 - PubMed
  56. Obes Surg. 2007 Oct;17(10):1367-73 - PubMed
  57. Eur Respir Rev. 2015 Sep;24(137):451-61 - PubMed
  58. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020 Jun 1;318(6):L1280-L1281 - PubMed
  59. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020 Apr 21;:101063 - PubMed
  60. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Apr 8;12(7):6049-6057 - PubMed
  61. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;122(1):16-26 - PubMed
  62. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 08;21(11): - PubMed
  63. Adv Med Sci. 2015 Sep;60(2):179-85 - PubMed
  64. Biochem Pharmacol. 1983 Oct 1;32(19):2965-8 - PubMed
  65. Mol Endocrinol. 1996 Sep;10(9):1077-83 - PubMed
  66. Sci Rep. 2019 Oct 15;9(1):14784 - PubMed
  67. JAMA. 2020 Apr 22;: - PubMed
  68. Biol Sex Differ. 2010 Nov 05;1(1):6 - PubMed
  69. Clin Sci (Lond). 1991 Dec;81(6):739-42 - PubMed
  70. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):870-874 - PubMed
  71. J Lab Clin Med. 1992 Nov;120(5):720-5 - PubMed
  72. Toxicology. 1991;70(3):293-302 - PubMed
  73. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002 Mar;20(1):61-6 - PubMed
  74. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008 Dec;91(6):352-7 - PubMed
  75. Life Sci. 2020 Jun 3;256:117905 - PubMed
  76. Virology. 2007 Sep 1;365(2):324-35 - PubMed
  77. Mol Aspects Med. 2009 Feb-Apr;30(1-2):1-12 - PubMed
  78. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 27;273(48):32009-15 - PubMed
  79. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;51(3):1287-1300 - PubMed
  80. Molecules. 2015 May 20;20(5):9183-213 - PubMed
  81. Eur Respir J. 2020 May 14;55(5): - PubMed
  82. Front Physiol. 2014 Nov 24;5:439 - PubMed
  83. Nat Med. 2005 Aug;11(8):875-9 - PubMed
  84. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Feb;15(1):39-45 - PubMed
  85. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):e21 - PubMed
  86. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Mar 15;24(5):699-704 - PubMed
  87. J Frailty Aging. 2013;2(4):174-8 - PubMed
  88. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Mar 1;20(7):1126-67 - PubMed
  89. Circulation. 1996 Apr 1;93(7):1331-3 - PubMed
  90. J Exp Med. 2011 Mar 14;208(3):417-20 - PubMed
  91. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Mar 15;52(6):1024-32 - PubMed
  92. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Oct;5(5):429-31 - PubMed
  93. FASEB Bioadv. 2019 Mar 13;1(5):296-305 - PubMed
  94. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Jun 1;201(11):1372-1379 - PubMed
  95. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;94(3):847-53 - PubMed
  96. Front Public Health. 2020 Apr 29;8:152 - PubMed
  97. J Gerontol. 1993 Sep;48(5):M213-8 - PubMed
  98. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Jan 1;48(1):1-15 - PubMed
  99. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2016 Feb 03;11:8 - PubMed
  100. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;45:235-40 - PubMed
  101. Hypertension. 2000 Jul;36(1):142-6 - PubMed
  102. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 23;382(17):1653-1659 - PubMed
  103. Adv Clin Chem. 2018;87:141-159 - PubMed
  104. J Virol. 2010 Jan;84(2):1198-205 - PubMed

Publication Types