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González-Montaña JR, Escalera-Valente F, Alonso AJ, et al. Relationship between Vitamin B12 and Cobalt Metabolism in Domestic Ruminant: An Update. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(10)doi: 10.3390/ani10101855.
González-Montaña, J. R., Escalera-Valente, F., Alonso, A. J., Lomillos, J. M., Robles, R., & Alonso, M. E. (2020). Relationship between Vitamin B12 and Cobalt Metabolism in Domestic Ruminant: An Update. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 10(10), . https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101855
González-Montaña, Jose-Ramiro, et al. "Relationship between Vitamin B12 and Cobalt Metabolism in Domestic Ruminant: An Update." Animals : an open access journal from MDPI vol. 10,10 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101855
González-Montaña JR, Escalera-Valente F, Alonso AJ, Lomillos JM, Robles R, Alonso ME. Relationship between Vitamin B12 and Cobalt Metabolism in Domestic Ruminant: An Update. Animals (Basel). 2020 Oct 12;10(10). doi: 10.3390/ani10101855. PMID: 33053716; PMCID: PMC7601760.
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Animals (Basel). 2020 Oct 12;10(10). doi: 10.3390/ani10101855.

Relationship between Vitamin B12 and Cobalt Metabolism in Domestic Ruminant: An Update.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

Jose-Ramiro González-Montaña, Francisco Escalera-Valente, Angel J Alonso, Juan M Lomillos, Roberto Robles, Marta E Alonso

Affiliations

  1. Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy Veterinary Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
  2. Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic 69130, Nayarit, Mexico.
  3. Production and Health Animal, Public Health Veterinary and Science and Technology of Food Department, Veterinary Faculty, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46115 Valencia, Spain.
  4. Animal Production Department, Veterinary Faculty, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.

PMID: 33053716 PMCID: PMC7601760 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101855

Abstract

Cobalt, as a trace element, is essential for rumen microorganisms for the formation of vitamin B12. In the metabolism of mammals, vitamin B12 is an essential part of two enzymatic systems involved in multiple metabolic reactions, such as in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, some amino acids and DNA. Adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin are coenzymes of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase and methionine synthetase and are essential for obtaining energy through ruminal metabolism. Signs of cobalt deficiency range from hyporexia, reduced growth and weight loss to liver steatosis, anemia, impaired immune function, impaired reproductive function and even death. Cobalt status in ruminant animals can be assessed by direct measurement of blood or tissue concentrations of cobalt or vitamin B12, as well as the level of methylmalonic acid, homocysteine or transcobalamin in blood; methylmalonic acid in urine; some variables hematological; food consumption or growth of animals. In general, it is assumed that the requirement for cobalt (Co) is expressed around 0.11 ppm (mg/kg) in the dry matter (DM) diet; current recommendations seem to advise increasing Co supplementation and placing it around 0.20 mg Co/kg DM. Although there is no unanimous criterion about milk production, fattening or reproductive rates in response to increased supplementation with Co, in some investigations, when the total Co of the diet was approximately 1 to 1.3 ppm (mg/kg), maximum responses were observed in the milk production.

Keywords: cattle; cobalt; deficiency; ruminant; vitamin B12

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