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Coyle JT, Schwarcz R. The Discovery and Characterization of Targeted Perikaryal-Specific Brain Lesions With Excitotoxins. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:927doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00927.
Coyle, J. T., & Schwarcz, R. (2020). The Discovery and Characterization of Targeted Perikaryal-Specific Brain Lesions With Excitotoxins. Frontiers in neuroscience, 14927. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00927
Coyle, Joseph T, and Schwarcz, Robert. "The Discovery and Characterization of Targeted Perikaryal-Specific Brain Lesions With Excitotoxins." Frontiers in neuroscience vol. 14 (2020): 927. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00927
Coyle JT, Schwarcz R. The Discovery and Characterization of Targeted Perikaryal-Specific Brain Lesions With Excitotoxins. Front Neurosci. 2020 Sep 08;14:927. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00927. eCollection 2020. PMID: 33013307; PMCID: PMC7509407.
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Front Neurosci. 2020 Sep 08;14:927. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00927. eCollection 2020.

The Discovery and Characterization of Targeted Perikaryal-Specific Brain Lesions With Excitotoxins.

Frontiers in neuroscience

Joseph T Coyle, Robert Schwarcz

Affiliations

  1. McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.
  2. Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

PMID: 33013307 PMCID: PMC7509407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00927

Abstract

The neurotoxic action of glutamic acid was first described by Lucas and Newhouse, who demonstrated neural degeneration in the inner layers of the neonatal mouse retina after systemic treatment with L-glutamate. Olney extended these findings by showing that neuronal degeneration affected other brain structures including neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the area postrema, that the lesion spared axons passing through these areas, and that the neurotoxic potency of glutamate analogs correlated with their excitatory potency, resulting in the designation "excitotoxins." As this method affected only a small number of brain regions, it was not suitable for targeted brain lesions. The Coyle laboratory showed that direct injection of the potent glutamate receptor agonist, kainic acid, into the rat striatum caused a rapid degeneration of intrinsic neurons while sparing axons of passage or termination including the unmyelinated dopaminergic terminals. Kainic acid also exhibited this perikaryal-specific and axon-sparing profile when injected into the cerebellum, hippocampus and eye. However, neuronal vulnerability was highly variable, with hippocampal CA3, pyriform cortex and amygdala neurons exhibiting great sensitivity due to kainate's high convulsive activity. In a comparison study, ibotenic acid, a potent glutamatergic agonist isolated from the

Copyright © 2020 Coyle and Schwarcz.

Keywords: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor; excitotoxins; glutamic acid; ibotenic acid; kainic acid receptor; muscimol; quisqualic acid; α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor

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