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Schrenker NJ, Xie Z, Schweizer P, et al. Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes. ACS Nano. 2020;15(1):362-376doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480.
Schrenker, N. J., Xie, Z., Schweizer, P., Moninger, M., Werner, F., Karpstein, N., Mačković, M., Spyropoulos, G. D., Göbelt, M., Christiansen, S., Brabec, C. J., Bitzek, E., & Spiecker, E. (2021). Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes. ACS nano, 15(1), 362-376. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06480
Schrenker, Nadine J, et al. "Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes." ACS nano vol. 15,1 (2021): 362-376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06480
Schrenker NJ, Xie Z, Schweizer P, Moninger M, Werner F, Karpstein N, Mačković M, Spyropoulos GD, Göbelt M, Christiansen S, Brabec CJ, Bitzek E, Spiecker E. Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes. ACS Nano. 2021 Jan 26;15(1):362-376. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PMID: 33231422; PMCID: PMC7844834.
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ACS Nano. 2021 Jan 26;15(1):362-376. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480. Epub 2020 Nov 24.

Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes.

ACS nano

Nadine J Schrenker, Zhuocheng Xie, Peter Schweizer, Marco Moninger, Felix Werner, Nicolas Karpstein, Mirza Mačković, George D Spyropoulos, Manuela Göbelt, Silke Christiansen, Christoph J Brabec, Erik Bitzek, Erdmann Spiecker

Affiliations

  1. Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
  3. Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
  4. Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and ZAE Bayern: Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
  5. Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
  6. Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI-EerN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

PMID: 33231422 PMCID: PMC7844834 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480

Abstract

Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks show excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, which make them ideal candidates for transparent electrodes in flexible and stretchable devices. Various coating strategies and testing setups have been developed to further improve their stretchability and to evaluate their performance. Still, a comprehensive microscopic understanding of the relationship between mechanical and electrical failure is missing. In this work, the fundamental deformation modes of five-fold twinned AgNWs in anisotropic networks are studied by large-scale SEM straining tests that are directly correlated with corresponding changes in the resistance. A pronounced effect of the network anisotropy on the electrical performance is observed, which manifests itself in a one order of magnitude lower increase in resistance for networks strained perpendicular to the preferred wire orientation. Using a scale-bridging microscopy approach spanning from NW networks to single NWs to atomic-scale defects, we were able to identify three fundamental deformation modes of NWs, which together can explain this behavior: (i) correlated tensile fracture of NWs, (ii) kink formation due to compression of NWs in transverse direction, and (iii) NW bending caused by the interaction of NWs in the strained network. A key observation is the extreme deformability of AgNWs in compression. Considering HRTEM and MD simulations, this behavior can be attributed to specific defect processes in the five-fold twinned NW structure leading to the formation of NW kinks with grain boundaries combined with V-shaped surface reconstructions, both counteracting NW fracture. The detailed insights from this microscopic study can further improve fabrication and design strategies for transparent NW network electrodes.

Keywords: buckling; five-fold twinning; kinks; molecular dynamics; silver nanowire; transmission electron microscopy; transparent electrode

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