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Battaglia M, Buckner JH, Levings MK, et al. Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2021;204(2):167-178doi: 10.1111/cei.13570.
Battaglia, M., Buckner, J. H., Levings, M. K., Richardson, S. J., Wong, F. S., & Tree, T. I. (2021). Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes. Clinical and experimental immunology, 204(2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13570
Battaglia, M, et al. "Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes." Clinical and experimental immunology vol. 204,2 (2021): 167-178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13570
Battaglia M, Buckner JH, Levings MK, Richardson SJ, Wong FS, Tree TI. Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2021 May;204(2):167-178. doi: 10.1111/cei.13570. Epub 2021 Feb 22. PMID: 33368173; PMCID: PMC8062995.
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Clin Exp Immunol. 2021 May;204(2):167-178. doi: 10.1111/cei.13570. Epub 2021 Feb 22.

Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes.

Clinical and experimental immunology

M Battaglia, J H Buckner, M K Levings, S J Richardson, F S Wong, T I Tree

Affiliations

  1. San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
  2. Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
  3. BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  4. Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
  5. Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
  6. Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences (SIMS), King's College London, London, UK.
  7. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.

PMID: 33368173 PMCID: PMC8062995 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13570

Abstract

When Thetis dipped her son Achilles into the River Styx to make him immortal, she held him by the heel, which was not submerged, and thus created a weak spot that proved deadly for Achilles. Millennia later, Achilles heel is part of today's lexicon meaning an area of weakness or a vulnerable spot that causes failure. Also implied is that an Achilles heel is often missed, forgotten or under-appreciated until it is under attack, and then failure is fatal. Paris killed Achilles with an arrow 'guided by the Gods'. Understanding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in order to direct therapy for prevention and treatment is a major goal of research into T1D. At the International Congress of the Immunology of Diabetes Society, 2018, five leading experts were asked to present the case for a particular cell/element that could represent 'the Achilles heel of T1D'. These included neutrophils, B cells, CD8

© 2021 British Society for Immunology.

Keywords: B cells; cytotoxic T cells; neutrophils; regulatory T cells; viral

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