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McKeown P, O'Connor-Reina C, Plaza G. Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(3)doi: 10.3390/jcm10030471.
McKeown, P., O'Connor-Reina, C., & Plaza, G. (2021). Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(3), . https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030471
McKeown, Patrick, et al. "Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review." Journal of clinical medicine vol. 10,3 (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030471
McKeown P, O'Connor-Reina C, Plaza G. Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 26;10(3). doi: 10.3390/jcm10030471. PMID: 33530621; PMCID: PMC7865730.
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J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 26;10(3). doi: 10.3390/jcm10030471.

Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review.

Journal of clinical medicine

Patrick McKeown, Carlos O'Connor-Reina, Guillermo Plaza

Affiliations

  1. Buteyko Clinic International, Loughwell, Moycullen, Co., H91 H4C1 Galway, Ireland.
  2. Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Quironsalud Marbella, 29603 Marbella, Spain.
  3. Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Quironsalud Campo de Gibraltar, 11379 Palmones, Spain.
  4. Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28042 Madrid, Spain.
  5. Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Sanitas la Zarzuela, 28023 Madrid, Spain.

PMID: 33530621 PMCID: PMC7865730 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030471

Abstract

Four phenotypes of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) have been identified. Only one of these is anatomical. As such, anatomically based treatments for OSAHS may not fully resolve the condition. Equally, compliance and uptake of gold-standard treatments is inadequate. This has led to interest in novel therapies that provide the basis for personalized treatment protocols. This review examines each of the four phenotypes of OSAHS and explores how these could be targeted using breathing re-education from three dimensions of functional breathing: biochemical, biomechanical and resonant frequency. Breathing re-education and myofunctional therapy may be helpful for patients across all four phenotypes of OSAHS. More research is urgently needed to investigate the therapeutic benefits of restoring nasal breathing and functional breathing patterns across all three dimensions in order to provide a treatment approach that is tailored to the individual patient.

Keywords: breathing re-education; dysfunctional breathing; myofunctional therapy; obstructive sleep apnea; phenotypes

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