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Hanna SJ, Codd AS, Gea-Mallorqui E, et al. T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review. Oxf Open Immunol. 2020;2(1):iqaa007doi: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007.
Hanna, S. J., Codd, A. S., Gea-Mallorqui, E., Scourfield, D. O., Richter, F. C., Ladell, K., Borsa, M., Compeer, E. B., Moon, O. R., Galloway, S. A. E., Dimonte, S., Capitani, L., Shepherd, F. R., Wilson, J. D., Uhl, L. F. K., Gallimore, A. M., & Milicic, A. (2021). T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review. Oxford open immunology, 2(1), iqaa007. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007
Hanna, Stephanie J, et al. "T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review." Oxford open immunology vol. 2,1 (2021): iqaa007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007
Hanna SJ, Codd AS, Gea-Mallorqui E, Scourfield DO, Richter FC, Ladell K, Borsa M, Compeer EB, Moon OR, Galloway SAE, Dimonte S, Capitani L, Shepherd FR, Wilson JD, Uhl LFK, Gallimore AM, Milicic A. T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review. Oxf Open Immunol. 2020 Dec 29;2(1):iqaa007. doi: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007. eCollection 2021. PMID: 33575657; PMCID: PMC7798577.
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Oxf Open Immunol. 2020 Dec 29;2(1):iqaa007. doi: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007. eCollection 2021.

T cell phenotypes in COVID-19 - a living review.

Oxford open immunology

Stephanie J Hanna, Amy S Codd, Ester Gea-Mallorqui, D Oliver Scourfield, Felix C Richter, Kristin Ladell, Mariana Borsa, Ewoud B Compeer, Owen R Moon, Sarah A E Galloway, Sandra Dimonte, Lorenzo Capitani, Freya R Shepherd, Joseph D Wilson, Lion F K Uhl, Awen M Gallimore, Anita Milicic

Affiliations

  1. Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
  2. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
  3. Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK.
  4. Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU.
  5. Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.

PMID: 33575657 PMCID: PMC7798577 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa007

Abstract

COVID-19 is characterized by profound lymphopenia in the peripheral blood, and the remaining T cells display altered phenotypes, characterized by a spectrum of activation and exhaustion. However, antigen-specific T cell responses are emerging as a crucial mechanism for both clearance of the virus and as the most likely route to long-lasting immune memory that would protect against re-infection. Therefore, T cell responses are also of considerable interest in vaccine development. Furthermore, persistent alterations in T cell subset composition and function post-infection have important implications for patients' long-term immune function. In this review, we examine T cell phenotypes, including those of innate T cells, in both peripheral blood and lungs, and consider how key markers of activation and exhaustion correlate with, and may be able to predict, disease severity. We focus on SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells to elucidate markers that may indicate formation of antigen-specific T cell memory. We also examine peripheral T cell phenotypes in recovery and the likelihood of long-lasting immune disruption. Finally, we discuss T cell phenotypes in the lung as important drivers of both virus clearance and tissue damage. As our knowledge of the adaptive immune response to COVID-19 rapidly evolves, it has become clear that while some areas of the T cell response have been investigated in some detail, others, such as the T cell response in children remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review will also highlight areas where T cell phenotypes require urgent characterisation.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.

Keywords: COVID-19; T cells; antigen-specific; lung; peripheral blood; phenotypes

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