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Javadrashid D, Baghbanzadeh A, Derakhshani A, et al. Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment. Biomedicines. 2021;9(4)doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9040373.
Javadrashid, D., Baghbanzadeh, A., Derakhshani, A., Leone, P., Silvestris, N., Racanelli, V., Solimando, A. G., & Baradaran, B. (2021). Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment. Biomedicines, 9(4), . https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040373
Javadrashid, Darya, et al. "Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment." Biomedicines vol. 9,4 (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040373
Javadrashid D, Baghbanzadeh A, Derakhshani A, Leone P, Silvestris N, Racanelli V, Solimando AG, Baradaran B. Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment. Biomedicines. 2021 Apr 02;9(4). doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9040373. PMID: 33918146; PMCID: PMC8067185.
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Biomedicines. 2021 Apr 02;9(4). doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9040373.

Pancreatic Cancer Signaling Pathways, Genetic Alterations, and Tumor Microenvironment: The Barriers Affecting the Method of Treatment.

Biomedicines

Darya Javadrashid, Amir Baghbanzadeh, Afshin Derakhshani, Patrizia Leone, Nicola Silvestris, Vito Racanelli, Antonio Giovanni Solimando, Behzad Baradaran

Affiliations

  1. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran.
  2. IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
  3. Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
  4. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
  5. Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614766, Iran.

PMID: 33918146 PMCID: PMC8067185 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040373

Abstract

Genetic alterations, especially the K-Ras mutation, carry the heaviest burden in the progression of pancreatic precursor lesions into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The tumor microenvironment is one of the challenges that hinder the therapeutic approaches from functioning sufficiently and leads to the immune evasion of pancreatic malignant cells. Mastering the mechanisms of these two hallmarks of PDAC can help us in dealing with the obstacles in the way of treatment. In this review, we have analyzed the signaling pathways involved in PDAC development and the immune system's role in pancreatic cancer and immune checkpoint inhibition as next-generation therapeutic strategy. The direct targeting of the involved signaling molecules and the immune checkpoint molecules, along with a combination with conventional therapies, have reached the most promising results in pancreatic cancer treatment.

Keywords: PDAC; gene mutation; immune checkpoint; pancreatic adenocarcinoma; pancreatic cancer; signaling pathway

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