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Christensen MB, Vibel T, Hilliard AJ, et al. Observation of Microcanonical Atom Number Fluctuations in a Bose-Einstein Condensate. Phys Rev Lett. 2021;126(15):153601doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.153601.
Christensen, M. B., Vibel, T., Hilliard, A. J., Kruk, M. B., Pawłowski, K., Hryniuk, D., Rzążewski, K., Kristensen, M. A., & Arlt, J. J. (2021). Observation of Microcanonical Atom Number Fluctuations in a Bose-Einstein Condensate. Physical review letters, 126(15), 153601. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.153601
Christensen, M B, et al. "Observation of Microcanonical Atom Number Fluctuations in a Bose-Einstein Condensate." Physical review letters vol. 126,15 (2021): 153601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.153601
Christensen MB, Vibel T, Hilliard AJ, Kruk MB, Pawłowski K, Hryniuk D, Rzążewski K, Kristensen MA, Arlt JJ. Observation of Microcanonical Atom Number Fluctuations in a Bose-Einstein Condensate. Phys Rev Lett. 2021 Apr 16;126(15):153601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.153601. PMID: 33929256.
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Phys Rev Lett. 2021 Apr 16;126(15):153601. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.153601.

Observation of Microcanonical Atom Number Fluctuations in a Bose-Einstein Condensate.

Physical review letters

M B Christensen, T Vibel, A J Hilliard, M B Kruk, K Pawłowski, D Hryniuk, K Rzążewski, M A Kristensen, J J Arlt

Affiliations

  1. Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
  2. Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
  3. Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.

PMID: 33929256 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.153601

Abstract

Quantum systems are typically characterized by the inherent fluctuation of their physical observables. Despite this fundamental importance, the investigation of the fluctuations in interacting quantum systems at finite temperature continues to pose considerable theoretical and experimental challenges. Here we report the characterization of atom number fluctuations in weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates. Technical fluctuations are mitigated through a combination of nondestructive detection and active stabilization of the cooling sequence. We observe fluctuations reduced by 27% below the canonical expectation for a noninteracting gas, revealing the microcanonical nature of our system. The peak fluctuations have near linear scaling with atom number ΔN_{0,p}^{2}∝N^{1.134} in an experimentally accessible transition region outside the thermodynamic limit. Our experimental results thus set a benchmark for theoretical calculations under typical experimental conditions.

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