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Dolati-Somarin A, Abd-Nikfarjam B. The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(3):470-479doi: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587.
Dolati-Somarin, A., & Abd-Nikfarjam, B. (2021). The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Iranian journal of public health, 50(3), 470-479. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587
Dolati-Somarin, Amirhossein, and Abd-Nikfarjam, Bahareh. "The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review." Iranian journal of public health vol. 50,3 (2021): 470-479. doi: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587
Dolati-Somarin A, Abd-Nikfarjam B. The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Iran J Public Health. 2021 Mar;50(3):470-479. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587. PMID: 34178794; PMCID: PMC8214617.
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Iran J Public Health. 2021 Mar;50(3):470-479. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587.

The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review.

Iranian journal of public health

Amirhossein Dolati-Somarin, Bahareh Abd-Nikfarjam

Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
  2. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.

PMID: 34178794 PMCID: PMC8214617 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5587

Abstract

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused COVID-19 has developed into an unexampled worldwide pandemic. The most important cause of death in patients with COVID-19 is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Opium is widely used for its analgesic features in control of acute and chronic pain related to different diseases. Opium consumption is increased over the last three decades and leads to adverse effects on the respiratory system; opium also affects the lungs' functions and respiration. The contemplative issue is the higher mortality rate due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in opium addicts' patients. Studies have shown that despite the decrease in proinflammatory cytokines production in opium addicts, there are at least 4 reasons for this increase in mortality rate: downregulation of IFNs expression, development of pulmonary edema, increase thrombotic factors, increase the expression of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, identifying the causes of mortality and approved therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients who use opium for any reason is an important unmet need to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection-related mortality. This review study demonstrated the effects of opium on immune responses and the reasons for the higher mortality rate in opium addicts' patients with COVID-19.

Copyright © 2021 Dolati-Somarin et al. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Keywords: COVID-19; Cytokine storm; IFNs; Opium

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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