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Int J Inflam. 2021 Aug 05;2021:1653392. doi: 10.1155/2021/1653392. eCollection 2021.

Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID-19.

International journal of inflammation

Irandi Putra Pratomo, Dimas R Noor, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Andriansjah Rukmana, Rafika I Paramita, Linda Erlina, Fadilah Fadilah, Anggi Gayatri, Magna Fitriani, Tommy T H Purnomo, Anna Ariane, Rudi Heryanto, Aryo Tedjo

Affiliations

  1. Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  2. COVID-19 Task Force-Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Unit, Universitas Indonesia University Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
  3. Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  4. Human Cancer Research Center, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  5. Department of Pathology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  6. Drug Development Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  7. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  8. Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  9. Master's Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Depok, Indonesia.
  10. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  11. Universitas Indonesia University Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
  12. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  13. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.
  14. Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.

PMID: 34367545 PMCID: PMC8346299 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1653392

Abstract

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid and superoxide radicals from purine bases: hypoxanthine and xanthine and is also expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. Uric acid, which is also considered a danger associated molecule pattern (DAMP), could trigger a series of inflammatory responses by activating the inflammasome complex path and NF-

Copyright © 2021 Irandi Putra Pratomo et al.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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