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Viruses. 2021 Jul 07;13(7). doi: 10.3390/v13071312.

Mother-to-Child Transmission of Arboviruses during Breastfeeding: From Epidemiology to Cellular Mechanisms.

Viruses

Sophie Desgraupes, Mathieu Hubert, Antoine Gessain, Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi, Aurore Vidy

Affiliations

  1. Unité Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
  2. Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France.
  3. UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.

PMID: 34372518 PMCID: PMC8310101 DOI: 10.3390/v13071312

Abstract

Most viruses use several entry sites and modes of transmission to infect their host (parenteral, sexual, respiratory, oro-fecal, transplacental, transcutaneous, etc.). Some of them are known to be essentially transmitted via arthropod bites (mosquitoes, ticks, phlebotomes, sandflies, etc.), and are thus named arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses. During the last decades, several arboviruses have emerged or re-emerged in different countries in the form of notable outbreaks, resulting in a growing interest from scientific and medical communities as well as an increase in epidemiological studies. These studies have highlighted the existence of other modes of transmission. Among them, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) during breastfeeding was highlighted for the vaccine strain of yellow fever virus (YFV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), and suggested for other arboviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and West Nile virus (WNV). In this review, we summarize all epidemiological and clinical clues that suggest the existence of breastfeeding as a neglected route for MTCT of arboviruses and we decipher some of the mechanisms that chronologically occur during MTCT via breastfeeding by focusing on ZIKV transmission process.

Keywords: Chikungunya virus; West Nile virus; Zika virus; arboviruses; barrier crossing mechanisms; breast milk; breastfeeding; dengue virus; intestinal epithelium; mammary epithelium; mother-to-child transmission; viral transmission; yellow fever virus

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