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Mokhtari RB, Sambi M, Qorri B, et al. The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(14)doi: 10.3390/cancers13143596.
Mokhtari, R. B., Sambi, M., Qorri, B., Baluch, N., Ashayeri, N., Kumar, S., Cheng, H. M., Yeger, H., Das, B., & Szewczuk, M. R. (2021). The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy. Cancers, 13(14), . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143596
Mokhtari, Reza Bayat, et al. "The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy." Cancers vol. 13,14 (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143596
Mokhtari RB, Sambi M, Qorri B, Baluch N, Ashayeri N, Kumar S, Cheng HM, Yeger H, Das B, Szewczuk MR. The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jul 18;13(14). doi: 10.3390/cancers13143596. PMID: 34298809; PMCID: PMC8305317.
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Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jul 18;13(14). doi: 10.3390/cancers13143596.

The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy.

Cancers

Reza Bayat Mokhtari, Manpreet Sambi, Bessi Qorri, Narges Baluch, Neda Ashayeri, Sushil Kumar, Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng, Herman Yeger, Bikul Das, Myron R Szewczuk

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
  2. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01852, USA.
  3. Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
  4. Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.
  5. QPS, Holdings LLC, Pencader Corporate Center, 110 Executive Drive, Newark, DE 19702, USA.
  6. The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
  7. Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
  8. Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
  9. KaviKrishna Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, GBP, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India.

PMID: 34298809 PMCID: PMC8305317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143596

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system by targeting tumor cells that express antigens recognized by immune system cells, thus leading to tumor rejection. These tumor-associated antigens include tumor-specific shared antigens, differentiation antigens, protein products of mutated genes and rearrangements unique to tumor cells, overexpressed tissue-specific antigens, and exogenous viral proteins. However, the development of effective therapeutic approaches has proven difficult, mainly because these tumor antigens are shielded, and cells primarily express self-derived antigens. Despite innovative and notable advances in immunotherapy, challenges associated with variable patient response rates and efficacy on select tumors minimize the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy. Variations observed in response rates to immunotherapy are due to multiple factors, including adaptative resistance, competency, and a diversity of individual immune systems, including cancer stem cells in the tumor microenvironment, composition of the gut microbiota, and broad limitations of current immunotherapeutic approaches. New approaches are positioned to improve the immune response and increase the efficacy of immunotherapies, highlighting the challenges that the current global COVID-19 pandemic places on the present state of immunotherapy.

Keywords: CAR T cell therapy; COVID-19; cancer stem cells; combination immunotherapy; diet; drug resistance; epigenetic therapies; gut microbiota; hTERT vaccines; immunotherapy; oncolytic viral therapy; telomerase-targeted immunotherapy

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