Display options
Cite
Dagistan AA, Gica S, Aydin A, et al. Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in inmates and its relationship with recidivism. J Forensic Sci. 2021;doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14894.
Dagistan, A. A., Gica, S., Aydin, A., & Cilli, A. S. (2021). Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in inmates and its relationship with recidivism. Journal of forensic sciences, . https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14894
Dagistan, Alper Adnan, et al. "Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in inmates and its relationship with recidivism." Journal of forensic sciences vol. (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14894
Dagistan AA, Gica S, Aydin A, Cilli AS. Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in inmates and its relationship with recidivism. J Forensic Sci. 2021 Oct 01; doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14894. Epub 2021 Oct 01. PMID: 34596242.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

J Forensic Sci. 2021 Oct 01; doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14894. Epub 2021 Oct 01.

Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in inmates and its relationship with recidivism.

Journal of forensic sciences

Alper Adnan Dagistan, Sakir Gica, Adem Aydin, Ali Savas Cilli

Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Konya Beyhekim Education and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
  2. Department of Psychiatry, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
  3. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.

PMID: 34596242 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14894

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners and to assess the relationship between ADHD and recidivism. We studied 356 inmates, who were evaluated using the Wender Utah Rating Scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Type of crime and other crime-related data were compared between inmates with and without ADHD. The group with probable ADHD had a higher average number of convictions compared to the group without ADHD. The probable ADHD group also demonstrated higher incidence of extortion crime, drug trade, disciplinary action at school, and military service than the group without ADHD. Linear regression analysis revealed that the presence of probable ADHD was effective on the number of convictions. The findings of our study support that the presence of probable ADHD carries a potential risk of being prone to certain crimes and demonstrate a correlation between the presence of probable ADHD and early involvement in crime and the number of convictions.

© 2021 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Keywords: ADHD; conviction; crime types; inmates; prisoners; repetition of criminal behavior

References

  1. Soysal S, Ozdemir B. An overview of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. J Cont Med Educ. 2004;13(3):89-90. - PubMed
  2. Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(11):1215-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020 - PubMed
  3. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2005;366(9481):237-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66915-2 - PubMed
  4. Wender PH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21(4):761-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70039-3 - PubMed
  5. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(5):580-8. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.58.5.580 - PubMed
  6. Barkley RA, Murphy K, Kwasnik D. Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 1996;1(1):41-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705479600100104 - PubMed
  7. Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a life-span perspective. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 7):4-16. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2560 - PubMed
  8. Shaffer D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(5):633-8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.5.6333 - PubMed
  9. Weinstein CS. Cognitive remediation strategies: an adjunct to the psychotherapy of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychother Pract Res. 1994;3(1):44-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005 - PubMed
  10. McGough JJ, Smalley SL, McCracken JT, Yang M, Del’Homme M, Lynn DE, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings from multiplex families. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(9):1621-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1621 - PubMed
  11. Secnik K, Swensen A, Lage MJ. Comorbidities and costs of adult patients diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005;23(1):93-102. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200523010-00008 - PubMed
  12. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Murphy J, Tsuang MT. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorders: issues of overlapping symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(12):1793-9. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.12.1793 - PubMed
  13. Torgersen T, Gjervan B, Rasmussen K. ADHD in adults: a study of clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(1):38-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480500520665 - PubMed
  14. Einarsson E, Sigurdsson JF, Gudjonsson GH, Newton AK, Bragason OO. Screening for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid mental disorders among prison inmates. Nord J Psychiatry. 2009;63(5):361-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480902759184 - PubMed
  15. Eyestone LL, Howell RJ. An epidemiological study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depression in a male prison population. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1994;22(2):181-93. - PubMed
  16. Black DW, Arndt S, Hale N, Rogerson R. Use of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as a screening tool in prisons: results of a preliminary study. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2004;32(2):158-62. - PubMed
  17. Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Hengesch G, Schneider M, Supprian T, et al. Prevalence of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;254(6):365-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-004-0516-z - PubMed
  18. Gunter TD, Arndt S, Wenman G, Allen J, Loveless P, Sieleni B, et al. Frequency of mental and addictive disorders among 320 men and women entering the Iowa prison system: use of the MINI-Plus. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2008;36(1):27-34. - PubMed
  19. Westmoreland P, Gunter T, Loveless P, Allen J, Sieleni B, Black DW. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in men and women newly committed to prison: clinical characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and quality of life. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2010;54(3):361-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X09332313 - PubMed
  20. Ginsberg Y, Hirvikoski T, Lindefors N. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:112. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-112 - PubMed
  21. Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, Sjölander A, Serlachius E, Fazel S, et al. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(21):2006-14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203241 - PubMed
  22. Cahill BS, Coolidge FL, Segal DL, Klebe KJ, Marle PD, Overmann KA. Prevalence of ADHD and its subtypes in male and female adult prison inmates. Behav Sci Law. 2012;30(2):154-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2004 - PubMed
  23. Rösler M, Retz W, Yaqoobi K, Burg E, Retz-Junginger P. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in female offenders: prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial implications. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;259(2):98-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-008-0841-8 - PubMed
  24. Ghanizadeh A, Reza Mohammadi M, Akhondzadeh S, Sanaei-Zadeh H. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in imprisoned individuals - A review. Psychiatr Danub. 2011;23(2):139-44. - PubMed
  25. Gordon V, Williams D, Donnelly P. Exploring the relationship between ADHD symptoms and prison breaches of discipline amongst youths in four Scottish prisons. Public Health. 2012;126(4):343-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.01.004 - PubMed
  26. Usher AM, Stewart LA, Wilton G. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Canadian prison population. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2013;36(3-4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.005 - PubMed
  27. Young S, Thome J. ADHD and offenders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011;12(Supp1):124-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.600319 - PubMed
  28. Vegue-González M, Álvaro-Brun E, Santiago-Sáez A, Kanaan-Kanaan A. Retrospective evaluation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with the Wender Utah Rating Scale in a sample of Spanish prison inmates. J Forensic Sci. 2011;56(6):1556-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01895.x - PubMed
  29. Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(6):885-90. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.6.885 - PubMed
  30. McCann BS, Scheele L, Ward N, Roy-Byrne P. Discriminant validity of the Wender Utah Rating Scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12(2):240-5. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.12.2.240 - PubMed
  31. Oncü B, Olmez S, Sentürk V. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2005;16(4):252-9. - PubMed
  32. Kessler RC, Üstün TB. The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(2):93-121. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.168 - PubMed
  33. Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16(2):52-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.208 - PubMed
  34. Dogan S, Öncü B, Varol-Saraçoglu G, Küçükgöncü S. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1. 1). Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2009;10(2):77. - PubMed
  35. Evren B, Evren C, Dalbudak E, Topcu M, Kutlu N. Relationship of internet addiction severity with probable ADHD and difficulties in emotion regulation among young adults. Psychiatry Res. 2018;269:494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.112 - PubMed
  36. May F, Ford T, Janssens A, Newlove-Delgado T, Emma Russell A, Salim J, et al. Attainment, attendance, and school difficulties in UK primary schoolchildren with probable ADHD. Br J Educ Psychol. 2021;91(1):442-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12375 - PubMed
  37. Evren B, Evren C, Dalbudak E, Topcu M, Kutlu N. The impact of depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and severity of Internet addiction symptoms on the relationship between probable ADHD and severity of insomnia among young adults. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:726-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.010 - PubMed
  38. Latimer WW, Ernst J, Hennessey J, Stinchfield RD, Winters KC. Relapse among adolescent drug abusers following treatment: The role of probable ADHD status. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2004;13(3):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1300/j029v13n03_01 - PubMed
  39. Barkley RA, Murphy KR. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment [and] a clinical workbook. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 1998. - PubMed
  40. Ulzen TPM, Psych DC, Hamilton H. The nature and characteristics of psychiatric comorbidity in incarcerated adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 1998;43(1):57-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300106 - PubMed
  41. Vermeiren R, De clippele A, Deboutte D. A descriptive survey of Flemish delinquent adolescents. J Adolesc. 2000;23(3):277-85. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0314 - PubMed
  42. Doreleijers TA, Moser F, Thijs P, Van engeland H, Beyaert FH. Forensic assessment of juvenile delinquents: prevalence of psychopathology and decision-making at court in the Netherlands. J Adolesc. 2000;23(3):263-75. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0313 - PubMed
  43. Chae PK, Jung HO, Noh KS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean juvenile delinquents. Adolescence. 2001;36(144):707-25. - PubMed
  44. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Feighner JA, Monuteaux MC. Assessing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: which is more valid? J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):830-42. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.830 - PubMed
  45. Duran S, Fıstıkçı N, Keyvan A, Bilici M, Çalışkan M. ADHD in adult psychiatric outpatients: prevalence and comorbidity. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2014;25(2):84-93. https://doi.org/10.5080/u7255 - PubMed
  46. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):716-23. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 - PubMed
  47. Kokkevi A, Liappas J, Boukouvala V, Alevizou V, Anastassopoulou E, Stefanis C. Criminality in a sample of drug abusers in Greece. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993;31(2):111-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(93)90063-v - PubMed
  48. Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Hengesch G, Schneider M, Thome J, Pajonk FG, et al. Psychometric and psychopathological characterization of young male prison inmates with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;254(4):201-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-004-0470-9 - PubMed
  49. Murphy K, Gordon M, Barkley R. To what extent are ADHD symptoms common? A reanalysis of standardization data from a DSM-IV checklist. ADHD Rep. 2000;8(3):1-5. - PubMed
  50. Hamzeloo M, Mashhadi A, Salehi Fadardi J. The prevalence of ADHD and comorbid disorders in Iranian adult male prison inmates. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(7):590-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712457991 - PubMed
  51. Stevenson J, Goodman R. Association between behaviour at age 3 years and adult criminality. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:197-202. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.3.197 - PubMed
  52. Satterfield JH, Schell A. A prospective study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems and normal boys: adolescent and adult criminality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(12):1726-35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199712000-00021 - PubMed
  53. Tuğlu C, Şahin ÖÖ. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: neurobiology, diagnostic problems and clinical features. Curr Approach Psychiatry. 2010;2(1):75-116. - PubMed
  54. Appelbaum KL. Assessment and treatment of correctional inmates with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(12):1520-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08060849 - PubMed
  55. Grieger L, Hosser D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does not predict criminal recidivism in young adult offenders: results from a prospective study. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2012;35(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.11.005 - PubMed
  56. Román-Ithier JC, González RA, Vélez-Pastrana MC, González-Tejera GM, Albizu-García CE. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, type of offending and recidivism in a prison population: the role of substance dependence. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2017;27(5):443-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2009 - PubMed
  57. Young S, Gudjonsson G, Chitsabesan P, Colley B, Farrag E, Forrester A, et al. Identification and treatment of offenders with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the prison population: a practical approach based upon expert consensus. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1858-9 - PubMed
  58. Shekim WO, Asarnow RF, Hess E, Zaucha K, Wheeler N. A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Compr Psychiatry. 1990;31(5):416-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(90)90026-o - PubMed
  59. Schubiner H, Tzelepis A, Milberger S, Lockhart N, Kruger M, Kelley BJ, et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder among substance abusers. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(4):244-51. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v61n0402 - PubMed
  60. Szobot CM, Rohde LA, Bukstein O, Molina BS, Martins C, Ruaro P, et al. Is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder associated with illicit substance use disorders in male adolescents? A community-based case-control study. Addiction. 2007;102(7):1122-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01850.x - PubMed
  61. Adler LA, Goodman DW, Kollins SH, Weisler RH, Krishnan S, Zhang Y, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(9):1364-73. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0903 - PubMed

Publication Types