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Ullah I, Awan HA, Aamir A, et al. Role and Perspectives of Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis: An Economic and Widespread Tool for Assessing the Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23)doi: 10.3390/ijms222313032.
Ullah, I., Awan, H. A., Aamir, A., Diwan, M. N., de Filippis, R., Awan, S., Irfan, M., Fornaro, M., Ventriglio, A., Vellante, F., Pettorruso, M., Martinotti, G., Di Giannantonio, M., & De Berardis, D. (2021). Role and Perspectives of Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis: An Economic and Widespread Tool for Assessing the Disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(23), . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313032
Ullah, Irfan, et al. "Role and Perspectives of Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis: An Economic and Widespread Tool for Assessing the Disease." International journal of molecular sciences vol. 22,23 (2021). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313032
Ullah I, Awan HA, Aamir A, Diwan MN, de Filippis R, Awan S, Irfan M, Fornaro M, Ventriglio A, Vellante F, Pettorruso M, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D. Role and Perspectives of Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis: An Economic and Widespread Tool for Assessing the Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 02;22(23). doi: 10.3390/ijms222313032. PMID: 34884840.
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Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 02;22(23). doi: 10.3390/ijms222313032.

Role and Perspectives of Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis: An Economic and Widespread Tool for Assessing the Disease.

International journal of molecular sciences

Irfan Ullah, Hashir Ali Awan, Alifiya Aamir, Mufaddal Najmuddin Diwan, Renato de Filippis, Sana Awan, Muhammad Irfan, Michele Fornaro, Antonio Ventriglio, Federica Vellante, Mauro Pettorruso, Giovanni Martinotti, Massimo Di Giannantonio, Domenico De Berardis

Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan.
  3. Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
  4. Department of Internal Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
  5. Department of Psychiatry, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy.
  6. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
  7. Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
  8. Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4, 64100 Teramo, Italy.

PMID: 34884840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313032

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a major psychotic disorder affecting nearly 23.6 million people globally and greatly impacting the cognitive and social functioning of individuals. Multiple risk factors, including genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors have been identified. However, the exact mechanism by which some factors aid in the development of schizophrenia is still uncertain. Acute and/or long-standing inflammation has been implicated as both a cause and effect of schizophrenia. Heightened immune responses have been documented in large cohorts of individuals with schizophrenia. While not completely known, multiple hypotheses, such as disruption of the blood-brain barrier, alterations in the kynurenine/tryptophan pathway, and increased microglial activation, have been presented to correlate inflammation with schizophrenic symptoms. Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) is a commonly performed and inexpensive test on patients' serum to determine levels of systemic inflammation in the body. Multiple studies have reported an elevated CRP level in different stages of schizophrenia, indicating its potential to be used as a viable biomarker in the diagnosis and monitoring of schizophrenia along with assessing treatment response to conventional and non-conventional treatment regimens. This review aims to evaluate the role of inflammation, in general, and CRP, in particular, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and its potential significance in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative approaches towards schizophrenia and psychosis.

Keywords: c-reactive protein (CRP); inflammation; psychosis; schizophrenia

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