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Govorunova EG, Sineshchekov OA, Li H, et al. Cation and Anion Channelrhodopsins: Sequence Motifs and Taxonomic Distribution. mBio. 2021;12(4):e0165621doi: 10.1128/mBio.01656-21.
Govorunova, E. G., Sineshchekov, O. A., Li, H., Wang, Y., Brown, L. S., Palmateer, A., Melkonian, M., Cheng, S., Carpenter, E., Patterson, J., Wong, G. K., & Spudich, J. L. (2021). Cation and Anion Channelrhodopsins: Sequence Motifs and Taxonomic Distribution. mBio, 12(4), e0165621. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01656-21
Govorunova, Elena G, et al. "Cation and Anion Channelrhodopsins: Sequence Motifs and Taxonomic Distribution." mBio vol. 12,4 (2021): e0165621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01656-21
Govorunova EG, Sineshchekov OA, Li H, Wang Y, Brown LS, Palmateer A, Melkonian M, Cheng S, Carpenter E, Patterson J, Wong GK, Spudich JL. Cation and Anion Channelrhodopsins: Sequence Motifs and Taxonomic Distribution. mBio. 2021 Aug 31;12(4):e0165621. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01656-21. Epub 2021 Jul 20. PMID: 34281394; PMCID: PMC8406140.
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mBio. 2021 Aug 31;12(4):e0165621. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01656-21. Epub 2021 Jul 20.

Cation and Anion Channelrhodopsins: Sequence Motifs and Taxonomic Distribution.

mBio

Elena G Govorunova, Oleg A Sineshchekov, Hai Li, Yumei Wang, Leonid S Brown, Alyssa Palmateer, Michael Melkonian, Shifeng Cheng, Eric Carpenter, Jordan Patterson, Gane K-S Wong, John L Spudich

Affiliations

  1. Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.
  2. Department of Physics and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelphgrid.34429.38, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
  3. Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Researchgrid.419498.9, Integrative Bioinformatics, Cologne, Germany.
  4. Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
  5. Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicine, University of Albertagrid.17089.37, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
  6. Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.

PMID: 34281394 PMCID: PMC8406140 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01656-21

Abstract

Cation and anion channelrhodopsins (CCRs and ACRs, respectively) primarily from two algal species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Guillardia theta, have become widely used as optogenetic tools to control cell membrane potential with light. We mined algal and other protist polynucleotide sequencing projects and metagenomic samples to identify 75 channelrhodopsin homologs from four channelrhodopsin families, including one revealed in dinoflagellates in this study. We carried out electrophysiological analysis of 33 natural channelrhodopsin variants from different phylogenetic lineages and 10 metagenomic homologs in search of sequence determinants of ion selectivity, photocurrent desensitization, and spectral tuning in channelrhodopsins. Our results show that association of a reduced number of glutamates near the conductance path with anion selectivity depends on a wider protein context, because prasinophyte homologs with a glutamate pattern identical to that in cryptophyte ACRs are cation selective. Desensitization is also broadly context dependent, as in one branch of stramenopile ACRs and their metagenomic homologs, its extent roughly correlates with phylogenetic relationship of their sequences. Regarding spectral tuning, we identified two prasinophyte CCRs with red-shifted spectra to 585 nm. They exhibit a third residue pattern in their retinal-binding pockets distinctly different from those of the only two types of red-shifted channelrhodopsins known (i.e., the CCR Chrimson and RubyACRs). In cryptophyte ACRs we identified three specific residue positions in the retinal-binding pocket that define the wavelength of their spectral maxima. Lastly, we found that dinoflagellate rhodopsins with a TCP motif in the third transmembrane helix and a metagenomic homolog exhibit channel activity.

Keywords: algae; channelrhodopsins; optogenetics; photosensory reception

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