Display options
Cite
de Zwarte SMC, Brouwer RM, Agartz I, et al. Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2020;43(1):414-430doi: 10.1002/hbm.25206.
de Zwarte, S. M. C., Brouwer, R. M., Agartz, I., Alda, M., Alonso-Lana, S., Bearden, C. E., Bertolino, A., Bonvino, A., Bramon, E., Buimer, E. E. L., Cahn, W., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Cannon, D. M., Cannon, T. D., Caseras, X., Castro-Fornieles, J., Chen, Q., Chung, Y., De la Serna, E., Del Mar Bonnin, C., Demro, C., Di Giorgio, A., Doucet, G. E., Eker, M. C., Erk, S., Fatjó-Vilas, M., Fears, S. C., Foley, S. F., Frangou, S., Fullerton, J. M., Glahn, D. C., Goghari, V. M., Goikolea, J. M., Goldman, A. L., Gonul, A. S., Gruber, O., Hajek, T., Hawkins, E. L., Heinz, A., Hidiroglu Ongun, C., Hillegers, M. H. J., Houenou, J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Hultman, C. M., Ingvar, M., Johansson, V., Jönsson, E. G., Kane, F., Kempton, M. J., Koenis, M. M. G., Kopecek, M., Krämer, B., Lawrie, S. M., Lenroot, R. K., Marcelis, M., Mattay, V. S., McDonald, C., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Michielse, S., Mitchell, P. B., Moreno, D., Murray, R. M., Mwangi, B., Nabulsi, L., Newport, J., Olman, C. A., van Os, J., Overs, B. J., Ozerdem, A., Pergola, G., Picchioni, M. M., Piguet, C., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Radua, J., Ramsay, I. S., Richter, A., Roberts, G., Salvador, R., Saricicek Aydogan, A., Sarró, S., Schofield, P. R., Simsek, E. M., Simsek, F., Soares, J. C., Sponheim, S. R., Sugranyes, G., Toulopoulou, T., Tronchin, G., Vieta, E., Walter, H., Weinberger, D. R., Whalley, H. C., Wu, M. J., Yalin, N., Andreassen, O. A., Ching, C. R. K., Thomopoulos, S. I., van Erp, T. G. M., Jahanshad, N., Thompson, P. M., Kahn, R. S., & van Haren, N. E. M. (2022). Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Human brain mapping, 43(1), 414-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25206
de Zwarte, Sonja M C, et al. "Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder." Human brain mapping vol. 43,1 (2022): 414-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25206
de Zwarte SMC, Brouwer RM, Agartz I, Alda M, Alonso-Lana S, Bearden CE, Bertolino A, Bonvino A, Bramon E, Buimer EEL, Cahn W, Canales-Rodríguez EJ, Cannon DM, Cannon TD, Caseras X, Castro-Fornieles J, Chen Q, Chung Y, De la Serna E, Del Mar Bonnin C, Demro C, Di Giorgio A, Doucet GE, Eker MC, Erk S, Fatjó-Vilas M, Fears SC, Foley SF, Frangou S, Fullerton JM, Glahn DC, Goghari VM, Goikolea JM, Goldman AL, Gonul AS, Gruber O, Hajek T, Hawkins EL, Heinz A, Hidiroglu Ongun C, Hillegers MHJ, Houenou J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hultman CM, Ingvar M, Johansson V, Jönsson EG, Kane F, Kempton MJ, Koenis MMG, Kopecek M, Krämer B, Lawrie SM, Lenroot RK, Marcelis M, Mattay VS, McDonald C, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Michielse S, Mitchell PB, Moreno D, Murray RM, Mwangi B, Nabulsi L, Newport J, Olman CA, van Os J, Overs BJ, Ozerdem A, Pergola G, Picchioni MM, Piguet C, Pomarol-Clotet E, Radua J, Ramsay IS, Richter A, Roberts G, Salvador R, Saricicek Aydogan A, Sarró S, Schofield PR, Simsek EM, Simsek F, Soares JC, Sponheim SR, Sugranyes G, Toulopoulou T, Tronchin G, Vieta E, Walter H, Weinberger DR, Whalley HC, Wu MJ, Yalin N, Andreassen OA, Ching CRK, Thomopoulos SI, van Erp TGM, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Kahn RS, van Haren NEM. Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan;43(1):414-430. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25206. Epub 2020 Oct 07. PMID: 33027543.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan;43(1):414-430. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25206. Epub 2020 Oct 07.

Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Human brain mapping

Sonja M C de Zwarte, Rachel M Brouwer, Ingrid Agartz, Martin Alda, Silvia Alonso-Lana, Carrie E Bearden, Alessandro Bertolino, Aurora Bonvino, Elvira Bramon, Elizabeth E L Buimer, Wiepke Cahn, Erick J Canales-Rodríguez, Dara M Cannon, Tyrone D Cannon, Xavier Caseras, Josefina Castro-Fornieles, Qiang Chen, Yoonho Chung, Elena De la Serna, Caterina Del Mar Bonnin, Caroline Demro, Annabella Di Giorgio, Gaelle E Doucet, Mehmet Cagdas Eker, Susanne Erk, Mar Fatjó-Vilas, Scott C Fears, Sonya F Foley, Sophia Frangou, Janice M Fullerton, David C Glahn, Vina M Goghari, Jose M Goikolea, Aaron L Goldman, Ali Saffet Gonul, Oliver Gruber, Tomas Hajek, Emma L Hawkins, Andreas Heinz, Ceren Hidiroglu Ongun, Manon H J Hillegers, Josselin Houenou, Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol, Christina M Hultman, Martin Ingvar, Viktoria Johansson, Erik G Jönsson, Fergus Kane, Matthew J Kempton, Marinka M G Koenis, Miloslav Kopecek, Bernd Krämer, Stephen M Lawrie, Rhoshel K Lenroot, Machteld Marcelis, Venkata S Mattay, Colm McDonald, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Stijn Michielse, Philip B Mitchell, Dolores Moreno, Robin M Murray, Benson Mwangi, Leila Nabulsi, Jason Newport, Cheryl A Olman, Jim van Os, Bronwyn J Overs, Aysegul Ozerdem, Giulio Pergola, Marco M Picchioni, Camille Piguet, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, Joaquim Radua, Ian S Ramsay, Anja Richter, Gloria Roberts, Raymond Salvador, Aybala Saricicek Aydogan, Salvador Sarró, Peter R Schofield, Esma M Simsek, Fatma Simsek, Jair C Soares, Scott R Sponheim, Gisela Sugranyes, Timothea Toulopoulou, Giulia Tronchin, Eduard Vieta, Henrik Walter, Daniel R Weinberger, Heather C Whalley, Mon-Ju Wu, Nefize Yalin, Ole A Andreassen, Christopher R K Ching, Sophia I Thomopoulos, Theo G M van Erp, Neda Jahanshad, Paul M Thompson, René S Kahn, Neeltje E M van Haren

Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
  2. Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
  3. Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden.
  4. Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
  5. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
  6. National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
  7. FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
  8. CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental), Madrid, Spain.
  9. Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, California, Los Angeles, USA.
  10. Department of Psychology, University of California, California, Los Angeles, USA.
  11. Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.
  12. Division of Psychiatry, Neuroscience in Mental Health Research Department, University College London, London, UK.
  13. Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
  14. Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
  15. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
  16. MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
  17. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
  18. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
  19. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
  20. Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  21. Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
  22. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
  23. IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
  24. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
  25. Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA.
  26. SoCAT LAB, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
  27. Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
  28. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
  29. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
  30. Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
  31. Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
  32. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
  33. Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
  34. Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
  35. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
  36. Department of Psychology and Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  37. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA.
  38. Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
  39. Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
  40. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Dokuz Eylül University, ?zmir, Turkey.
  41. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
  42. APHP, Mondor University Hospitals, Créteil, France.
  43. INSERM U955 Team 15 "Translational Psychiatry", Créteil, France.
  44. NeuroSpin neuroimaging platform, Psychiatry Team, UNIACT Lab, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
  45. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
  46. Section for Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
  47. Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
  48. Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
  49. Department of Psychiatry, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
  50. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
  51. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
  52. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
  53. Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  54. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
  55. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
  56. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
  57. Department of Psychology and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
  58. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
  59. Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
  60. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
  61. Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  62. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
  63. School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
  64. Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  65. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
  66. Cigli State Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey.
  67. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  68. Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
  69. Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
  70. Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  71. Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  72. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
  73. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
  74. Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
  75. Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

PMID: 33027543 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25206

Abstract

First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cognitive alterations to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD-FDRs) show divergent patterns; on average, intracranial volume is larger compared to controls, and findings on cognitive alterations in BD-FDRs are inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of global and regional brain measures (cortical and subcortical), current IQ, and educational attainment in 5,795 individuals (1,103 SZ-FDRs, 867 BD-FDRs, 2,190 controls, 942 schizophrenia patients, 693 bipolar patients) from 36 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts, with standardized methods. Compared to controls, SZ-FDRs showed a pattern of widespread thinner cortex, while BD-FDRs had widespread larger cortical surface area. IQ was lower in SZ-FDRs (d = -0.42, p = 3 × 10

© 2020 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Keywords: bipolar disorder; education; intelligence; neuroimaging; relatives; schizophrenia

References

  1. Agnew-Blais, J., & Seidman, L. J. (2013). Neurocognition in youth and young adults under age 30 at familial risk for schizophrenia: A quantitative and qualitative review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(1-2), 44-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2012.676309 - PubMed
  2. Anttila, V., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Walters, R. K., Bras, J., Duncan, L., … Neale, B. M. (2018). Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science, 360(6395), eaap8757. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8757 - PubMed
  3. Arnone, D., Cavanagh, J., Gerber, D., Lawrie, S. M., Ebmeier, K. P., & McIntosh, A. M. (2009). Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(3), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059717 - PubMed
  4. Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 57(1), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.2307/2346101 - PubMed
  5. Bohlken, M. M., Brouwer, R. M., Mandl, R. C. W., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2016). Genetic variation in schizophrenia liability is shared with intellectual ability and brain structure. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1167-1175. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw034 - PubMed
  6. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2003). Personality predicts academic performance: Evidence from two longitudinal university samples. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(4), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00578-0 - PubMed
  7. Crinion, J. T., Lambon-Ralph, M. A., Warburton, E. A., Howard, D., & Wise, R. J. S. (2003). Temporal lobe regions engaged during normal speech comprehension. Brain, 126(Pt 5, 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg104 - PubMed
  8. de Zwarte, S. M. C., Brouwer, R. M., Agartz, I., Alda, M., Aleman, A., Alpert, K. I., … van Haren, N. E. M. (2019). The association between familial risk and brain abnormalities is disease-specific: An ENIGMA-relatives study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 86(7), 545-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.985 - PubMed
  9. de Zwarte, S. M. C., Brouwer, R. M., Tsouli, A., Cahn, W., Hillegers, M. H. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., … van Haren, N. E. M. (2019). Running in the family? Structural brain abnormalities and IQ in offspring, siblings, parents, and co-twins of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(6), 1209-1217. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby182 - PubMed
  10. Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001 - PubMed
  11. Devlin, B., Daniels, M., & Roeder, K. (1997). The heritability of IQ. Nature, 388(6641), 468-471. https://doi.org/10.1038/41319 - PubMed
  12. Dickson, H., Laurens, K. R., Cullen, A. E., & Hodgins, S. (2012). Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001693 - PubMed
  13. Ellison-Wright, I., & Bullmore, E. (2010). Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 117(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.022 - PubMed
  14. Fischl, B. (2012). FreeSurfer. NeuroImage, 62(2), 774-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021 - PubMed
  15. Fischl, B., & Dale, A. M. (2000). Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(20), 11050-11055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200033797 - PubMed
  16. Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., & Dale, A. M. (1999). Cortical surface-based analysis: II. Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. NeuroImage, 9(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1998.0396 - PubMed
  17. Francis, A. N., Seidman, L. J., Jabbar, G. A., Mesholam-Gately, R., Thermenos, H. W., Juelich, R., … DeLisi, L. E. (2012). Alterations in brain structures underlying language function in young adults at high familial risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 141, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.015 - PubMed
  18. Grasby, K. L., Jahanshad, N., Painter, J. N., Colodro-Conde, L., Bralten, J., Hibar, D. P., … Medland, S. E. (2020). The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science, 367(6484), eaay6690. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6690 - PubMed
  19. Haijma, S. V., Van Haren, N., Cahn, W., Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Brain volumes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis in over 18 000 subjects. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(5), 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs118 - PubMed
  20. Heath, A. C., Berg, K., Eaves, L. J., Solaas, M. H., Corey, L. A., Sundet, J., … Nance, W. E. (1985). Education policy and the heritability of educational attainment. Nature, 314(6013), 734-736. https://doi.org/10.1038/314734a0 - PubMed
  21. Hibar, D. P., Westlye, L. T., Doan, N. T., Jahanshad, N., Cheung, J. W., Ching, C. R. K., … Andreassen, O. A. (2018). Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: An MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA bipolar disorder working group. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(4), 932-942. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.73 - PubMed
  22. Hibar, D. P., Westlye, L. T., van Erp, T. G. M., Rasmussen, J., Leonardo, C. D., Faskowitz, J., … Andreassen, O. A. (2016). Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(12), 1710-1716. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.227 - PubMed
  23. Hochberger, W. C., Combs, T., Reilly, J. L., Bishop, J. R., Keefe, R. S. E., Clementz, B. A., … Sweeney, J. A. (2018). Deviation from expected cognitive ability across psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 192, 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.019 - PubMed
  24. Hughes, C., Kumari, V., Das, M., Zachariah, E., Ettinger, U., Sumich, A., & Sharma, T. (2005). Cognitive functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(3), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00392.x - PubMed
  25. Ivleva, E. I., Clementz, B. A., Dutcher, A. M., Arnold, S. J. M., Jeon-Slaughter, H., Aslan, S., … Tamminga, C. A. (2017). Brain structure biomarkers in the psychosis biotypes: Findings from the bipolar-schizophrenia network for intermediate phenotypes. Biological Psychiatry, 82(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.030 - PubMed
  26. Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2015). IQ and schizophrenia in a Swedish national sample: Their causal relationship and the interaction of IQ with genetic risk. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040516 - PubMed
  27. Khandaker, G. M., Barnett, J. H., White, I. R., & Jones, P. B. (2011). A quantitative meta-analysis of population-based studies of premorbid intelligence and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 132(2-3), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.017 - PubMed
  28. Kremen, W. S., Faraone, S. V., Seidman, L. J., Pepple, J. R., & Tsuang, M. T. (1998). Neuropsychological risk indicators for schizophrenia: A preliminary study of female relatives of schizophrenic and bipolar probands. Psychiatry Research, 79(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00042-0 - PubMed
  29. Lee, S. H., Ripke, S., Neale, B. M., Faraone, S. V., Purcell, S. M., Perlis, R. H., … Wray, N. R. (2013). Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nature Genetics, 45(9), 984-994. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2711 - PubMed
  30. Lichtenstein, P., Yip, B. H., Björk, C., Pawitan, Y., Cannon, T. D., Sullivan, P. F., & Hultman, C. M. (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: A population-based study. Lancet, 373, 234-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60072-6 - PubMed
  31. MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Reichenberg, A., … Hultman, C. M. (2010). Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: National cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060368 - PubMed
  32. McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2004.11.005 - PubMed
  33. McDonald, C., Bullmore, E. T., Sham, P. C., Chitnis, X., Wickham, H., Bramon, E., & Murray, R. M. (2004). Association of genetic risks for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with specific and generic brain structural endophenotypes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(10), 974-984. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.10.974 - PubMed
  34. McIntosh, A. M., Harrison, L. K., Forrester, K., Lawrie, S. M., & Johnstone, E. C. (2005). Neuropsychological impairments in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 378-385. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.5.378 - PubMed
  35. Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Rosso, I. M., Sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Cannon, T. D. (2003). A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(11), 2060-2062. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.2060 - PubMed
  36. Okada, N., Fukunaga, M., Yamashita, F., Koshiyama, D., Yamamori, H., Ohi, K., … Hashimoto, R. (2016). Abnormal asymmetries in subcortical brain volume in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(10), 1460-1466. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.209 - PubMed
  37. Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A., Lee, J. J., Pers, T. H., Rietveld, C. A., … J, D. (2016). Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature, 533(7604), 539-542. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17671 - PubMed
  38. Parellada, M., Gomez-Vallejo, S., Burdeus, M., & Arango, C. (2017). Developmental differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(6), 1176-1189. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx126 - PubMed
  39. Pinheiro, J. C., & Bates, D. M. (2000). Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS, New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b98882. - PubMed
  40. Rakic, P. (1988). Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science, 241(4862), 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3291116 - PubMed
  41. Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Rapp, M. A., Rabinowitz, J., Caspi, A., Schmeidler, J., … Davidson, M. (2005). Elaboration on premorbid intellectual performance in schizophrenia: Premorbid intellectual decline and risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1297-1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1297 - PubMed
  42. Saur, D., Kreher, B. W., Schnell, S., Kümmerera, D., Kellmeyera, P., Vrya, M. S., … Weiller, C. (2008). Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(46), 18035-18040. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805234105 - PubMed
  43. Sitskoorn, M. M., Aleman, A., Ebisch, S. J. H., Appels, M. C. M., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Cognitive deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2-3), 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.03.007 - PubMed
  44. Smith, D. J., Anderson, J., Zammit, S., Meyer, T. D., Pell, J. P., & Mackay, D. (2015). Childhood IQ and risk of bipolar disorder in adulthood: Prospective birth cohort study. BJPsych Open, 1(1), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000455 - PubMed
  45. Sniekers, S., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Jansen, P. R., Coleman, J. R. I., Krapohl, E., … Posthuma, D. (2017). Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 78,308 individuals identifies new loci and genes influencing human intelligence. Nature Genetics, 49(7), 1107-1112. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3869 - PubMed
  46. Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004 - PubMed
  47. Strike, L. T., Hansell, N. K., Couvy-Duchesne, B., Thompson, P. M., De Zubicaray, G. I., McMahon, K. L., & Wright, M. J. (2019). Genetic complexity of cortical structure: Differences in genetic and environmental factors influencing cortical surface area and thickness. Cerebral Cortex, 29(3), 952-962. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy002 - PubMed
  48. Tambs, K., Sundet, J. M., Magnus, P., & Berg, K. (1989). Genetic and environmental contributions to the covariance between occupational status, educational attainment, and IQ: A study of twins. Behavior Genetics, 19(2), 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065905 - PubMed
  49. Tiihonen, J., Haukka, J., Henriksson, M., Cannon, M., Kieseppä, T., Laaksonen, I., … Lönnqvist, J. (2005). Premorbid intellectual functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: Results from a cohort study of male conscripts. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(10), 1904-1910. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1904 - PubMed
  50. Toulopoulou, T., van Haren, N., Zhang, X., Sham, P. C., Cherny, S. S., Campbell, D. D., … Kahn, R. S. (2015). Reciprocal causation models of cognitive vs volumetric cerebral intermediate phenotypes for schizophrenia in a pan-European twin cohort. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(11), 1386-1396. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.152 - PubMed
  51. van Erp, T. G. M., Hibar, D. P., Rasmussen, J. M., Glahn, D. C., Pearlson, G. D., Andreassen, O. A., … Turner, J. A. (2016). Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(4), 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.63 - PubMed
  52. van Erp, T. G. M., Walton, E., Hibar, D. P., Schmaal, L., Jiang, W., Glahn, D. C., … Turner, J. A. (2018). Cortical brain abnormalities in 4474 individuals with schizophrenia and 5098 controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Biological Psychiatry, 84(9), 644-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.023 - PubMed
  53. van Haren, N. E. M., Setiaman, N., Koevoets, M. G. J. C., Baalbergen, H., Kahn, R. S., & Hillegers, M. H. J. (2020). Brain structure, IQ, and psychopathology in young offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry, 63(1), e5. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.19 - PubMed
  54. Van Haren, N. E. M., Van Dam, D. S., & Stellato, R. K. (2019). Change in IQ in schizophrenia patients and their siblings: A controlled longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 49(15), 2573-2581. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003537 - PubMed
  55. Van Lutterveld, R., Van Den Heuvel, M. P., Diederen, K. M. J., De Weijer, A. D., Begemann, M. J. H., Brouwer, R. M., … Sommer, I. E. (2014). Cortical thickness in individuals with non-clinical and clinical psychotic symptoms. Brain, 137(Pt 10, 2664-2669. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu167 - PubMed
  56. Van Rooij, D., Anagnostou, E., Arango, C., Auzias, G., Behrmann, M., Busatto, G. F., … Buitelaar, J. K. (2018). Cortical and subcortical brain morphometry differences between patients with autism spectrum disorder and healthy individuals across the lifespan: Results from the ENIGMA ASD working group. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010100 - PubMed
  57. Vonk, R., Van Der Schot, A. C., Van Baal, G. C. M., Van Oel, C. J., Nolen, W. A., & Kahn, R. S. (2012). Premorbid school performance in twins concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 294-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.034 - PubMed
  58. Vreeker, A., Boks, M. P. M., Abramovic, L., Verkooijen, S., van Bergen, A. H., Hillegers, M. H. J., … Ophoff, R. A. (2016). High educational performance is a distinctive feature of bipolar disorder: A study on cognition in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia patients, relatives and controls. Psychological Medicine, 46(4), 807-818. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002299 - PubMed
  59. Woodberry, K. A., Giuliano, A. J., & Seidman, L. J. (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(5), 579-587. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081242 - PubMed
  60. Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., David, A. S., Dalman, C., Hemmingsson, T., Lundberg, I., & Lewis, G. (2004). A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 354-360. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.354 - PubMed

Publication Types

Grant support