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Vonk FJ, Bittenbinder MA, Kerkkamp HMI, et al. A non-lethal method for studying scorpion venom gland transcriptomes, with a review of potentially suitable taxa to which it can be applied. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0258712doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258712.
Vonk, F. J., Bittenbinder, M. A., Kerkkamp, H. M. I., Grashof, D. G. B., Archer, J. P., Afonso, S., Richardson, M. K., Kool, J., & van der Meijden, A. (2021). A non-lethal method for studying scorpion venom gland transcriptomes, with a review of potentially suitable taxa to which it can be applied. PloS one, 16(11), e0258712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258712
Vonk, Freek J, et al. "A non-lethal method for studying scorpion venom gland transcriptomes, with a review of potentially suitable taxa to which it can be applied." PloS one vol. 16,11 (2021): e0258712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258712
Vonk FJ, Bittenbinder MA, Kerkkamp HMI, Grashof DGB, Archer JP, Afonso S, Richardson MK, Kool J, van der Meijden A. A non-lethal method for studying scorpion venom gland transcriptomes, with a review of potentially suitable taxa to which it can be applied. PLoS One. 2021 Nov 18;16(11):e0258712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258712. eCollection 2021. PMID: 34793470; PMCID: PMC8601437.
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PLoS One. 2021 Nov 18;16(11):e0258712. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258712. eCollection 2021.

A non-lethal method for studying scorpion venom gland transcriptomes, with a review of potentially suitable taxa to which it can be applied.

PloS one

Freek J Vonk, Mátyás A Bittenbinder, Harald M I Kerkkamp, Dwin G B Grashof, John P Archer, Sandra Afonso, Michael K Richardson, Jeroen Kool, Arie van der Meijden

Affiliations

  1. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  2. Faculty of Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  3. Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  4. CIBIO-InBIO, Biopolis, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

PMID: 34793470 PMCID: PMC8601437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258712

Abstract

Scorpion venoms are mixtures of proteins, peptides and small molecular compounds with high specificity for ion channels and are therefore considered to be promising candidates in the venoms-to-drugs pipeline. Transcriptomes are important tools for studying the composition and expression of scorpion venom. Unfortunately, studying the venom gland transcriptome traditionally requires sacrificing the animal and therefore is always a single snapshot in time. This paper describes a new way of generating a scorpion venom gland transcriptome without sacrificing the animal, thereby allowing the study of the transcriptome at various time points within a single individual. By comparing these venom-derived transcriptomes to the traditional whole-telson transcriptomes we show that the relative expression levels of the major toxin classes are similar. We further performed a multi-day extraction using our proposed method to show the possibility of doing a multiple time point transcriptome analysis. This allows for the study of patterns of toxin gene activation over time a single individual, and allows assessment of the effects of diet, season and other factors that are known or likely to influence intraindividual venom composition. We discuss the gland characteristics that may allow this method to be successful in scorpions and provide a review of other venomous taxa to which this method may potentially be successfully applied.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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