Display options
Cite
Gomes-Santos JAF, Lambertucci RH, Vardaris CV, et al. Early Signs of Inflammation With Mild Oxidative Stress in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes After Simulated Combat. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36(1):180-186doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003383.
Gomes-Santos, J. A. F., Lambertucci, R. H., Vardaris, C. V., Passos, M. E. P., Silva-Junior, E. P., Hatanaka, E., Gorjão, R., McAnulty, S. R., Souza-Junior, T. P., & Barros, M. P. (2022). Early Signs of Inflammation With Mild Oxidative Stress in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes After Simulated Combat. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 36(1), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003383
Gomes-Santos, José Alberto Fernandes, et al. "Early Signs of Inflammation With Mild Oxidative Stress in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes After Simulated Combat." Journal of strength and conditioning research vol. 36,1 (2022): 180-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003383
Gomes-Santos JAF, Lambertucci RH, Vardaris CV, Passos MEP, Silva-Junior EP, Hatanaka E, Gorjão R, McAnulty SR, Souza-Junior TP, Barros MP. Early Signs of Inflammation With Mild Oxidative Stress in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes After Simulated Combat. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Jan 01;36(1):180-186. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003383. PMID: 31714459.
Copy Download .nbib Format: NLM
Share it on

J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Jan 01;36(1):180-186. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003383.

Early Signs of Inflammation With Mild Oxidative Stress in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes After Simulated Combat.

Journal of strength and conditioning research

José Alberto Fernandes Gomes-Santos, Rafael Herlich Lambertucci, Cristina Vasconcelos Vardaris, Maria Elizabeth Pereira Passos, Edenilson Pinto Silva-Junior, Elaine Hatanaka, Renata Gorjão, Steven Roy McAnulty, Tácito Pessoa Souza-Junior, Marcelo Paes de Barros

Affiliations

  1. Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Science (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
  2. Department of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
  3. Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina; and.
  4. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Puerto Rico, Brazil.

PMID: 31714459 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003383

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Gomes-Santos, JAF, Lambertucci, RH, Vardaris, CV, Passos, MEP, Silva-Junior, EP, Hatanaka, E, Gorjão, R, McAnulty, SR, Souza-Junior, TP, and Barros, MP. Early signs of inflammation with mild oxidative stress in Mixed Martial Arts athletes after simulated combat. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 180-186, 2022-Combat sports involve a combination of strenuous physical activity, usually at the anaerobic threshold, followed by intermittent low-intensity recovery periods for energy re-establishment. Oxidative stress and inflammation are inevitable exercise-related processes that could drastically affect athletic performance and practitioners' health, unless efficiently controlled during and after physical activities. This study aims to measure oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in the plasma of 12 top ranked professional Mixed Martial Arts (MMAs) athletes before and after simulated combats under official rules (pre-post study). Our results show that the athletes exhibited mild oxidative imbalances in plasma, evidenced by significant (p < 0.01) higher contents of both reduced (+7.3%) and oxidized glutathione (+28%), uric acid (+21%), and "free" iron (+21%) after combat, whereas variation tendencies (0.05 < p < 0.01) were observed in the antioxidant capacity in plasma (-40%), and SOD (-27%) or GPX (+20%) antioxidant activities in erythrocytes. However, a clear pro-inflammatory state was detected by increases in circulating cytokines IL-6 (+6,020%), IL-1β (+4,357%), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (+63%), and by an abrupt drop of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (-98%). A significant correlation was observed between pre-post variations of IL-6 and GSH/GSSG ratio in plasma (p < 0.0001), which reinforces the integration between oxidative stress and inflammation during MMA combats. Considering metabolic and mechanical stresses (imposed by combat techniques, e.g., punches and joint locks), this study indicates pre-existing inflammation, although minor oxidative stress, in MMA professionals after combat.

Copyright © 2019 National Strength and Conditioning Association.

References

  1. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. In: Method Enzymol. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 1984. pp. 121–126. - PubMed
  2. Aguilo A, Tauler P, Gimeno I, Fuentespina E, Pons A. Changes in erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes during prolonged submaximal exercise. BioFactors 11: 27–30, 2000. - PubMed
  3. Ahmed U, Oates PS. Dietary fat level affects tissue iron levels but not the iron regulatory gene HAMP in rats. Nutrit Res 33: 126–135, 2013. - PubMed
  4. Banzet S, Koulmann N, Simler N, et al. Control of gluconeogenic genes during intense/prolonged exercise: Hormone-independent effect of muscle-derived IL-6 on hepatic tissue and PEPCK mRNA. J Appl Physiol 107: 1830–1839, 2009. - PubMed
  5. Benini R, Nunes PRP, Orsatti CL, Portari GV, Orsatti FL. Influence of sex on cytokines, heat shock protein and oxidative stress markers in response to an acute total body resistance exercise protocol. J Exerc Sci Fitness 13: 1–7, 2015. - PubMed
  6. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239: 70–76, 1996. - PubMed
  7. Bernecker C, Scherr J, Schinner S, et al. Evidence for an exercise induced increase of TNF-α and IL-6 in marathon runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23: 207–214, 2013. - PubMed
  8. Bouhlel E, Jouini A, Gmada N, et al. Heart rate and blood lactate responses during Taekwondo training and competition. Sci Sports 21: 285–290, 2006. - PubMed
  9. Bréchard S, Bueb J-L, Tschirhart EJ. Interleukin-8 primes oxidative burst in neutrophil-like HL-60 through changes in cytosolic calcium. Cell Calcium 37: 531–540, 2005. - PubMed
  10. Breen E, Tang K, Olfert M, Knapp A, Wagner P. Skeletal muscle capillarity during hypoxia: VEGF and its activation. High Alt Med Biol 9: 158–166, 2008. - PubMed
  11. Brewer KJ, Murphy WR, Petersen JD. Synthesis and characterization of monometallic and bimetallic mixed-ligand complexes of iron(II) containing 2,2'-bipyrimidine or 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine. Inorg Chem 26: 3376–3379, 1987. - PubMed
  12. Chaudhry H, Zhou J, Zhong Y, et al. Role of cytokines as a double-edged sword in sepsis. In Vivo 27: 669–684, 2013. - PubMed
  13. Cooper CE, Vollaard NB, Choueiri T, Wilson MT. Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans 30: 280–285, 2002. - PubMed
  14. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 37: 247–248, 1974. - PubMed
  15. Dorneles GP, Haddad DO, Fagundes VO, et al. High intensity interval exercise decreases IL-8 and enhances the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-10 in lean and overweight-obese individuals. Cytokine 77: 1–9, 2016. - PubMed
  16. Dopsaj V, Martinovic J, Dopsaj M, et al. Hematological, oxidative stress, and immune status profiling in elite combat sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 27: 3506–3514, 2013. - PubMed
  17. Douris PC, Elokda AS, Handrakis JP, et al. Martial art training enhances the glutathione antioxidant system in middle-aged adults. J Strength Cond Res 23: 1518–1523, 2009. - PubMed
  18. El-Abed K, Rebai H, Bloomer RJ, et al. Antioxidant status and oxidative stress at rest and in response to acute exercise in judokas and sedentary men. J Strength Cond Res 25: 2400–2409, 2011. - PubMed
  19. El Awad B, Kreft B, Wolber EM, et al. Hypoxia and interleukin-1beta stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor production in human proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 58: 43–50, 2000. - PubMed
  20. Ewing JF, Janero DR. Microplate superoxide dismutase assay employing a nonenzymatic superoxide generator. Anal Biochem 232: 243–248, 1995. - PubMed
  21. Fischer CP. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: What is the biological relevance? Exerc Immunol Rev 12: 6–33, 2006. - PubMed
  22. Fraga CG, Leibovitz BE, Tappel AL. Lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in tissue slices: Characterization and comparison with homogenates and microsomes. Free Radic Biol Med 4: 155–161, 1988. - PubMed
  23. Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Lukens JR, Kipnis J. Dealing with danger in the CNS: The response of the immune system to injury. Neuron 87: 47–62, 2015. - PubMed
  24. Gallo G, Martino G, Carino A. Spinning, oxidative damage and hemolysis in athletes. Free Radic Antioxid 3: 61–66, 2013. - PubMed
  25. Hellsten Y, Frandsen U, Orthenblad N, SjØdint B, Richter EA. Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: A role in inflammation. J Physiol 498: 239–248, 1997. - PubMed
  26. Hunter CA, Jones SA. IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 16: 448–457, 2015. - PubMed
  27. Kochhar T, Back D, Mann B, Skinner J. Risk of cervical injuries in mixed martial arts. Br J Sports Med 39: 444–447, 2005. - PubMed
  28. Kondo T, Ohshima T. The dynamics of inflammatory cytokines in the healing process of mouse skin wound: A preliminary study for possible wound age determination. Int J Leg Med 108: 231–236, 1996. - PubMed
  29. König D, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I, Berg A. Exercise and oxidative stress: Significance of antioxidants with reference to inflammatory, muscular, and systemic stress. Exerc Immunol Rev 7: 108–133, 2001. - PubMed
  30. Laskowski R, Ziemann E, Olek R, Zembron-Lacny A. The effect of three days of judo training sessions on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress markers. J Hum Kinetics 30: 65–73, 2011. - PubMed
  31. Lenetsky S, Harris N. The mixed martial arts athlete: A physiological profile. Strength Cond J 34: 32–47, 2012. - PubMed
  32. Mannervik B. Glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 113: 490–495, 1985. - PubMed
  33. Monteiro PA, Campos EZ, de Oliveira FP, et al. Modulation of inflammatory response arising from high-intensity intermittent and concurrent strength training in physically active males. Cytokine 91: 104–109, 2017. - PubMed
  34. Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol 515: 287–291, 1999. - PubMed
  35. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev 88: 1379–1406, 2008. - PubMed
  36. Pyla R, Pichavaram P, Fairaq A, et al. Altered energy state reversibly controls smooth muscle contractile function in human saphenous vein during acute hypoxia-reoxygenation: Role of glycogen, AMP-activated protein kinase, and insulin-independent glucose uptake. Biochem Pharmacol 97: 77–88, 2015. - PubMed
  37. Rahman I, Kode A, Biswas SK. Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method. Nat Protoc 1: 3159–3165, 2006. - PubMed
  38. Rooney BV, Bigley AB, La Voy EC, et al. Lymphocytes and monocytes egress peripheral blood within minutes after cessation of steady state exercise: A detailed temporal analysis of leukocyte extravasation. Physiol Behav 194: 260–267, 2018. - PubMed
  39. Sawilowsky S. New effect size rules of thumb. J Mod Appl Stat Meth 8: 467–474, 2009. - PubMed
  40. Scheele C, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK. ROS and myokines promote muscle adaptation to exercise. Trends Endocrinology Metabolism: TEM 20: 95–99, 2009. - PubMed
  41. Sies H, Berndt C, Jones DP. Oxidative stress. Annu Rev Biochem 86: 715–748, 2017. - PubMed
  42. Steinberg JG, Ba A, Bregeon F, Delliaux S, Jammes Y. Cytokine and oxidative responses to maximal cycling exercise in sedentary subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 964–968, 2007. - PubMed
  43. Suzuki K. Cytokine response to exercise and its modulation. Antioxidants 7: 17, 2018. - PubMed
  44. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, et al. Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics. Exerc Immunol Rev 8: 6–48, 2002. - PubMed
  45. Thomas RE, Thomas BC. Systematic review of injuries in mixed martial arts. Phys Sports Med 46: 155–167, 2018. - PubMed
  46. Urso ML, Clarkson PM. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology 189: 41–54, 2003. - PubMed
  47. Winther JR, Thorpe C. Quantification of thiols and disulfides. Biochim Biophys Acta 1840: 838–846, 2014. - PubMed
  48. Zembron-Lacny A, Naczk M, Gajewski M, et al. Changes of muscle-derived cytokines in relation to thiol redox status and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Physiol Res 59: 945–951, 2010. - PubMed
  49. Zembron-Lacny A, Slowinska-Lisowska M, Ziemba A. Integration of the thiol redox status with cytokine response to physical training in professional basketball players. Physiol Res 59: 239–245, 2010. - PubMed

Publication Types