Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021 Dec 28; doi: 10.1111/ocr.12561. Epub 2021 Dec 28.
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in pycnodysostosis; a three-dimensional upper airway analysis.
Orthodontics & craniofacial research
Nikolaos Ferlias, Hans Gjørup, Mia Aagaard Doherty, Annette Haagerup, Thomas Klit Pedersen
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for, Oral Health in Rare Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Paediatrics, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod, Denmark.
- NIDO Denmark, Hospital Unit West and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
PMID: 34963019
DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12561
Abstract
AIM: To assess the upper airway (UA) morphology in patients with pycnodysostosis with a 3D analysis, compare results with normative data and investigate correlation of the total volume (TV) to other UA morphology variables.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of eight Danish patients with pycnodysostosis (4 males, 4 females with a mean age of 31.8 years, SD:16.3 years), were analysed using Mimics® (Materialise®, Belgium) and compared with a sex- and age-matched control group (6 males, 8 females with a mean age of 33.6 years, SD:18.6 years).
RESULTS: The distance from the tip of the epiglottis (E) to the Frankfurt horizontal plane (Fp) was significantly shorter in the pycnodysostosis group (p < 0.042). Regarding the cross-sectional measurements, at the "maximum constriction" (p < 0.005), the "upper airway limit" (p < 0.001) and the "lower airway limit" (p < 0.035) cross-sections were significantly smaller in the pycnodysostosis group. The volumes "nasopharynx" (p < 0.002) and "total airway" (TV) (p < 0.01) were also significantly smaller.
CONCLUSION: Patients with pycnodysostosis have a reduced total airway as well as nasopharyngeal volume compared with matched controls. Additionally, they have a reduced cross-sectional area in the upper and lower borders of the UA, and the area of maximum constriction is also reduced. These factors might explain the high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in pycnodysostosis. TV is positively correlated to total length and cross-sections at all levels including the maximum constriction area as well as the anteroposterior dimension at the upper and lower airway borders.
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