Display options
Share it on

Heart Fail Rev. 2022 Jan;27(1):37-48. doi: 10.1007/s10741-020-09975-3.

Definition of left ventricular remodelling following ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review of cardiac magnetic resonance studies in the past decade.

Heart failure reviews

Damien Legallois, Amir Hodzic, Joachim Alexandre, Charles Dolladille, Eric Saloux, Alain Manrique, Vincent Roule, Fabien Labombarda, Paul Milliez, Farzin Beygui

Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, EA4650 (SEILIRM), FHU REMOD-VHF, 14000, Caen, France. [email protected].
  2. Department of Clinical Physiology, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Inserm Comete, 14000, Caen, France.
  3. Department of Pharmacology, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, EA4650 (SEILIRM), FHU REMOD-VHF, 14000, Caen, France.
  4. Department of Cardiology, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, EA4650 (SEILIRM), FHU REMOD-VHF, 14000, Caen, France.
  5. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, EA4650 (SEILIRM), FHU REMOD-VHF, 14000, Caen, France.
  6. GIP Cyceron PET Center, Investigations chez l'Homme, Campus Jules Horowitz, Caen, France.
  7. Department of Cardiology, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, 14000, Caen, France.

PMID: 32458217 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09975-3

Abstract

An increase in left ventricular volumes between baseline and follow-up imaging is the main criteria for the quantification of left ventricular remodelling (LVR) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but without consensual definition. We aimed to review the criteria used for the definition of LVR based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in STEMI patients. A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library from January 2010 to August 2019. Thirty-seven studies involving 4209 patients were included. Among these studies, 30 (81%) used a cut-off value for defining LVR, with a pooled LVR prevalence estimate of 22.8%, 95% CI [19.4-26.7%] and a major between-study heterogeneity (I

© 2020. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Keywords: Cardiac magnetic resonance; Left ventricular remodelling; ST-elevation myocardial infarction

References

  1. Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N (2000) Cardiac remodeling--concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an international forum on cardiac remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 35(3):569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00630-0 - PubMed
  2. Dorn GW 2nd (2009) Novel pharmacotherapies to abrogate postinfarction ventricular remodeling. Nat Rev Cardiol 6(4):283–291. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2009.12 - PubMed
  3. Bauters C, Dubois E, Porouchani S, Saloux E, Fertin M, de Groote P, Lamblin N, Pinet F (2017) Long-term prognostic impact of left ventricular remodeling after a first myocardial infarction in modern clinical practice. PLoS One 12:e0188884. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188884 - PubMed
  4. Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ (2000) Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2(4):271–278. https://doi.org/10.3109/10976640009148691 - PubMed
  5. Bolognese L, Neskovic AN, Parodi G, Cerisano G, Buonamici P, Santoro GM, Antoniucci D (2002) Left ventricular remodeling after primary coronary angioplasty: patterns of left ventricular dilation and long-term prognostic implications. Circulation 106(18):2351–2357. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000036014.90197.fa - PubMed
  6. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA, Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group (2011) The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343:d5928 - PubMed
  7. Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. (2011) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp . Assessed 2020-04-04. - PubMed
  8. Fabregat-Andrés Ó, Ridocci-Soriano F, Estornell-Erill J, Corbí-Pascual M, Valle-Muñoz A, Berenguer-Jofresa A, Barrabés JA, Mata M, Monsalve M (2015) Blood PGC-1alpha concentration predicts myocardial salvage and ventricular remodeling after ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Rev Esp Cardiol 68(5):408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2014.05.020 - PubMed
  9. Bulluck H, Rosmini S, Abdel-Gadir A, White SK, Bhuva AN, Treibel TA, Fontana M, Ramlall M, Hamarneh A, Sirker A, Herrey AS, Manisty C, Yellon DM, Kellman P, Moon JC, Hausenloy DJ (2016) Residual myocardial iron following intramyocardial hemorrhage during the convalescent phase of reperfused ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and adverse left ventricular remodeling. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 9(10):e004940. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.004940 - PubMed
  10. Mele D, Nardozza M, Chiodi E (2017) Early speckle-tracking echocardiography predicts left ventricle remodeling after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Echogr 27(3):93–98. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_2_17 - PubMed
  11. Biesbroek PS, Amier RP, Teunissen PFA, Hofman MBM, Robbers LFHJ, van de Ven PM, Beek AM, van Rossum AC, van Royen N, Nijveldt R (2017) Changes in remote myocardial tissue after acute myocardial infarction and its relation to cardiac remodeling: a CMR T1 mapping study. PLoS One 12(6):e0180115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180115 - PubMed
  12. O’Regan DP, Shi W, Ariff B, Baksi AJ, Durighel G, Rueckert D, Cook SA (2012) Remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: mapping ventricular dilatation using three dimensional CMR image registration. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-14-41 - PubMed
  13. Reinstadler SJ, Klug G, Feistritzer HJ, Mayr A, Harrasser B, Mair J, Bader K, Streil K, Hammerer-Lercher A, Esterhammer R, Metzler B (2013) Association of copeptin with myocardial infarct size and myocardial function after ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Heart 99(20):1525–1529. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303975 - PubMed
  14. van Melle JP, van der Vleuten PA, Hummel YM, Nijveldt R, Tio RA, Voors AA, Zijlstra F (2010) Predictive value of tissue doppler imaging for left ventricular ejection fraction, remodeling, and infarct size after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Echocardiogr 11(7):596–601. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jeq023 - PubMed
  15. Garg P, Broadbent DA, Swoboda PP, Foley JRJ, Fent GJ, Musa TA, Ripley DP, Erhayiem B, Dobson LE, McDiarmid AK, Haaf P, Kidambi A, Crandon S, Chew PG, van der Geest RJ, Greenwood JP, Plein S (2017) Extra-cellular expansion in the normal, non-infarcted myocardium is associated with worsening of regional myocardial function after acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 19(1):73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0384-0 - PubMed
  16. Shetye AM, Nazir SA, Razvi NA, Price N, Khan JN, Lai FY, Squire IB, McCann GP, Arnold JR (2017) Comparison of global myocardial strain assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance tagging and feature tracking to infarct size at predicting remodeling following STEMI. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 17(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0461-6 - PubMed
  17. Pokorney SD, Rodriguez JF, Ortiz JT, Lee DC, Bonow RO, Wu E (2012) Infarct healing is a dynamic process following acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-14-62 - PubMed
  18. Sörensson P, Rydén L, Saleh N, Tornvall P, Arheden H, Pernow J (2013) Long-term impact of postconditioning on infarct size and left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 13:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-22 - PubMed
  19. Sugano A, Seo Y, Ishizu T, Watabe H, Yamamoto M, Machino-Ohtsuka T, Takaiwa Y, Kakefuda Y, Aihara H, Fumikura Y, Nishina H, Noguchi Y, Aonuma K (2017) Value of 3-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in the prediction of microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ J 81(3):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0944 - PubMed
  20. Gohbara M, Iwahashi N, Kataoka S, Hayakawa Y, Sakamaki K, Akiyama E, Maejima N, Tsukahara K, Hibi K, Kosuge M, Ebina T, Umemura S, Kimura K (2015) Glycemic variability determined by continuous glucose monitoring system predicts left ventricular remodeling in patients with a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circ J 79(5):1092–1099. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-14-1226 - PubMed
  21. Mangion K, Carrick D, Hennigan BW, Payne AR, McClure J, Mason M, Das R, Wilson R, Edwards RJ, Petrie MC, McEntegart M, Eteiba H, Oldroyd KG, Berry C (2016) Infarct size and left ventricular remodeling after preventive percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 102(24):1980–1987. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-30866 - PubMed
  22. Cha MJ, Lee JH, Jung HN, Kim Y, Choe YH, Kim SM (2019) Cardiac magnetic resonance-tissue tracking for the early prediction of adverse left ventricular remodeling after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Card Imaging 35(11):2095–2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-019-01659-w - PubMed
  23. Yoon CH, Chung WY, Suh JW, Cho YS, Youn TJ, Chun EJ, Choi SI, Chae IH, Choi DJ (2013) Distal protection device aggravated microvascular obstruction evaluated by cardiac MR after primary percutaneous intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 167(5):2002–2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.029 - PubMed
  24. Watabe H, Sato A, Nishina H, Hoshi T, Sugano A, Kakefuda Y, Takaiwa Y, Aihara H, Fumikura Y, Noguchi Y, Aonuma K (2016) Enhancement patterns detected by multidetector computed tomography are associated with microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 37(8):684–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv467 - PubMed
  25. Reindl M, Feistritzer HJ, Reinstadler SJ, Mueller L, Tiller C, Brenner C, Mayr A, Henninger B, Mair J, Klug G, Metzler B (2019) Thyroid-stimulating hormone and adverse left ventricular remodeling following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 8(8):717–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872618770600 - PubMed
  26. Tanimoto T, Imanishi T, Kitabata H, Nakamura N, Kimura K, Yamano T, Ishibashi K, Komukai K, Ino Y, Takarada S, Kubo T, Hirata K, Mizukoshi M, Tanaka A, Akasaka T (2010) Prevalence and clinical significance of papillary muscle infarction detected by late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 122(22):2281–2287. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.935338 - PubMed
  27. Eitel I, Friedenberger J, Fuernau G, Dumjahn A, Desch S, Schuler G, Thiele H (2011) Intracoronary versus intravenous bolus abciximab application in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: 6-month effects on infarct size and left ventricular function. The randomised leipzig immediate percutaneous coronary intervention abciximab i.v. versus i.c. in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial (LIPSIAbciximab-STEMI). Clin Res Cardiol 100(5):425–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-010-0260-5 - PubMed
  28. Huttin O, Mandry D, Eschalier R, Zhang L, Micard E, Odille F, Beaumont M, Fay R, Felblinger J, Camenzind E, Zannad F, Girerd N, Marie PY (2017) Cardiac remodeling following reperfused acute myocardial infarction is linked to the concomitant evolution of vascular function as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 19(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-016-0314-6 - PubMed
  29. Gerbaud E, Montaudon M, Chasseriaud W, Gilbert S, Cochet H, Pucheu Y, Horovitz A, Bonnet J, Douard H, Coste P (2014) Effect of ivabradine on left ventricular remodeling after reperfused myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 107(1):33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2013.12.001 - PubMed
  30. Garcia G, de la Chao Barca JM, Mirebeau-Prunier D, Reynier P, Furber A, Prunier F, Bière L (2019) Metabolomic approach in STEMI-patients undergoing left ventricular remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 20(2):E289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020289 - PubMed
  31. Caldentey G, García De Frutos P, Cristóbal H, Garabito M, Berruezo A, Bosch X, San Antonio R, Flores-Umanzor E, Perea RJ, De Caralt TM, Rodríguez J, Ortiz-Pérez JT (2017) Serum levels of growth arrest-specific 6 protein and soluble AXL in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 8(8):708–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872617740833 - PubMed
  32. Husser O, Monmeneu JV, Sanchis J, Nunez J, Lopez-Lereu MP, Bonanad C, Chaustre F, Gomez C, Bosch MJ, Hinarejos R, Chorro FJ, Riegger GA, Llacer A, Bodi V (2013) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance-derived intramyocardial hemorrhage after STEMI: influence on long-term prognosis, adverse left ventricular remodeling and relationship with microvascular obstruction. Int J Cardiol 167(5):2047–2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.05 - PubMed
  33. Carberry J, Carrick D, Haig C, Ahmed N, Mordi I, McEntegart M, Petrie MC, Eteiba H, Hood S, Watkins S, Lindsay M, Davie A, Mahrous A, Ford I, Sattar N, Welsh P, Radjenovic A, Oldroyd KG, Berry C (2017) Persistence of infarct zone T2 hyperintensity at 6 months after acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: incidence, pathophysiology, and prognostic implications. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 10(12):e006586. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006586 - PubMed
  34. Rodriguez-Palomares JF, Gavara J, Ferreira-González I, Valente F, Rios C, Rodríguez-García J, Bonanad C, García Del Blanco B, Miñana G, Mutuberria M, Nuñez J, Barrabés J, Evangelista A, Bodí V, García-Dorado D (2019) Prognostic value of initial left ventricular remodeling in patients with reperfused STEMI. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 12(12):2445–2456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.02.025 - PubMed
  35. Symons R, Masci PG, Francone M, Claus P, Barison A, Carbone I, Agati L, Galea N, Janssens S, Bogaert J (2016) Impact of active smoking on myocardial infarction severity in reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: the smoker’s paradox revisited. Eur Heart J 37(36):2756–2764. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv738 - PubMed
  36. Shetelig C, Limalanathan S, Hoffmann P, Seljeflot I, Gran JM, Eritsland J, Andersen GØ (2018) Association of IL-8 with infarct size and clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(2):187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.053 - PubMed
  37. Wong DT, Leung MC, Das R, Liew GY, Teo KS, Chew DP, Meredith IT, Worthley MI, Worthley SG (2013) Intracoronary ECG during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction predicts microvascular obstruction and infarct size. Int J Cardiol 165(1):61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.078 - PubMed
  38. Hallén J, Jensen JK, Fagerland MW, Jaffe AS, Atar D (2010) Cardiac troponin I for the prediction of functional recovery and left ventricular remodelling following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart 96(23):1892–1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/10.1136/hrt.2009.190819 - PubMed
  39. Janssens SP, Bogaert J, Zalewski J, Toth A, Adriaenssens T, Belmans A, Bennett J, Claus P, Desmet W, Dubois C, Goetschalckx K, Sinnaeve P, Vandenberghe K, Vermeersch P, Lux A, Szelid Z, Durak M, Lech P, Zmudka K, Pokreisz P, Vranckx P, Merkely B, Bloch KD, Van de Werf F, NOMI investigators (2018) Nitric oxide for inhalation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NOMI): a multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J 39(29):2717–2725. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy232 - PubMed
  40. Najjar SS, Rao SV, Melloni C, Raman SV, Povsic TJ, Melton L, Barsness GW, Prather K, Heitner JF, Kilaru R, Gruberg L, Hasselblad V, Greenbaum AB, Patel M, Kim RJ, Talan M, Ferrucci L, Longo DL, Lakatta EG, Harrington RA, Investigators REVEAL (2011) Intravenous erythropoietin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: REVEAL: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 305(18):1863–1872. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.592 - PubMed
  41. Grabmaier U, Clauss S, Gross L, Klier I, Franz WM, Steinbeck G, Wakili R, Theiss HD, Brenner C (2017) Diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-1 and miR-29b on adverse ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction - The SITAGRAMI-miR analysis. Int J Cardiol 244:30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.054 - PubMed
  42. Achilli F, Malafronte C, Maggiolini S, Lenatti L, Squadroni L, Gibelli G, Capogrossi MC, Dadone V, Gentile F, Bassetti B, Di Gennaro F, Camisasca P, Calchera I, Valagussa L, Colombo GI, Pompilio G, STEM-AMI trial Investigators (2014) G-CSF treatment for STEMI: final 3-year follow-up of the randomised placebo-controlled STEM-AMI trial. Heart 100(7):574–581. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304955 - PubMed
  43. Traverse JH, McKenna DH, Harvey K, Jorgenso BC, Olson RE, Bostrom N, Kadidlo D, Lesser JR, Jagadeesan V, Garberich R, Henry TD (2010) Results of a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bone marrow mononuclear stem cell administration in patients following ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 160(3):428–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.06.009 - PubMed
  44. Sürder D, Manka R, Moccetti T, Lo Cicero V, Emmert MY, Klersy C, Soncin S, Turchetto L, Radrizzani M, Zuber M, Windecker S, Moschovitis A, Bühler I, Kozerke S, Erne P, Lüscher TF, Corti R (2016) Effect of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell treatment, early or late after acute myocardial infarction: twelve months CMR and long-term clinical results. Circ Res 119(3):481–490. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308639 - PubMed
  45. Granger CB, Bates ER, Jollis JG, Antman EM, Nichol G, O’Connor RE, Gregory T, Roettig ML, Peng SA, Ellrodt G, Henry TD, French WJ, Jacobs AK (2019) Improving care of STEMI in the United States 2008 to 2012. J Am Heart Assoc 8(1):e008096. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.008096 - PubMed
  46. Belle L, Cayla G, Cottin Y, Coste P, Khalife K, Labèque JN, Farah B, Perret T, Goldstein P, Gueugniaud PY, Braun F, Gauthier J, Gilard M, Le Heuzey JY, Naccache N, Drouet E, Bataille V, Ferrières J, Puymirat E, Schiele F, Simon T, Danchin N, FAST-MI 2015 investigators (2017) French registry on acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction 2015 (FAST-MI 2015). Design and baseline data. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 110(6-7):366–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.001 - PubMed
  47. Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, Pennell DJ (2002) Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 90(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02381-0 - PubMed
  48. Reindl M, Reinstadler SJ, Tiller C, Feistritzer HJ, Kofler M, Brix A, Mayr A, Klug G, Metzler B (2019) Prognosis-based definition of left ventricular remodeling after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 29(5):2330–2339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5875-3 - PubMed
  49. Masci PG, Pavon AG, Pontone G, Symons R, Lorenzoni V, Francone M, Zalewski J, Barison A, Guglielmo M, Aquaro GD, Galea N, Muscogiuri G, Muller O, Carbone I, Baggiano A, Iglesias JF, Nessler J, Andreini D, Camici PG, Claus P, Luca L, Agati L, Janssens S, Schwitter J, Bogaert J (2019) Early or deferred cardiovascular magnetic resonance after ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction for effective risk stratification. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging jez179. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez179 - PubMed
  50. Symons R, Pontone G, Schwitter J, Francone M, Iglesias JF, Barison A, Zalewski J, de Luca L, Degrauwe S, Claus P, Guglielmo M, Nessler J, Carbone I, Ferro G, Durak M, Magistrelli P, Lo Presti A, Aquaro GD, Eeckhout E, Roguelov C, Andreini D, Vogt P, Guaricci AI, Mushtaq S, Lorenzoni V, Muller O, Desmet W, Agati L, Janssens S, Bogaert J, Masci PG (2018) Long-term incremental prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a study of the collaborative registry on CMR in STEMI. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 11(6):813–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.05.023 - PubMed
  51. Hamirani YS, Wong A, Kramer CM, Salerno M (2014) Effect of microvascular obstruction and intramyocardial hemorrhage by CMR on LV remodeling and outcomes after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(9):940–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.06.012 - PubMed
  52. Bulluck H, Dharmakumar R, Arai AE, Berry C, Hausenloy DJ (2018) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: recent advances, controversies, and future directions. Circulation 137(18):1949–1964. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.03069 - PubMed
  53. Klem I, Heiberg E, van Assche L, Parker MA, Kim HW, Grizzard JD, Arheden H, Kim RJ (2017) Sources of variability in quantification of cardiovascular magnetic resonance infarct size - reproducibility among three core laboratories. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 19(1):62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0378-y - PubMed
  54. Beygui F, Van Belle E, Ecollan P, Machecourt J, Hamm CW, Lopez De Sa E, Flather M, Verheugt FWA, Vicaut E, Zannad F, Pitt B, Montalescot G (2018) Individual participant data analysis of two trials on aldosterone blockade in myocardial infarction. Heart 104(22):1843–1849. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-312950 - PubMed
  55. Bulluck H, Go YY, Crimi G, Ludman AJ, Rosmini S, Abdel-Gadir A, Bhuva AN, Treibel TA, Fontana M, Pica S, Raineri C, Sirker A, Herrey AS, Manisty C, Groves A, Moon JC, Hausenloy DJ (2017) Defining left ventricular remodeling following acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 19(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0343-9 - PubMed
  56. Mather AN, Fairbairn TA, Artis NJ, Greenwood JP, Plein S (2011) Timing of cardiovascular MR imaging after acute myocardial infarction: effect on estimates of infarct characteristics and prediction of late ventricular remodeling. Radiology 261(1):116–126. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110228 - PubMed
  57. Gandy SJ, Waugh SA, Nicholas RS, Simpson HJ, Milne W, Houston JG (2008) Comparison of the reproducibility of quantitative cardiac left ventricular assessments in healthy volunteers using different MRI scanners: a multicenter simulation. J Magn Reson Imaging 28(2):359–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21401 - PubMed

Publication Types