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Guisado-Gil AB, Benavente RS, Villegas-Portero R, et al. Has the COVID-19 pandemic wiped out the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and influenza activity? A time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022.
Guisado-Gil, A. B., Benavente, R. S., Villegas-Portero, R., Gil-Navarro, M. V., Valencia, R., Peñalva, G., & Cisneros, J. M. (2022). Has the COVID-19 pandemic wiped out the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and influenza activity? A time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022
Guisado-Gil, Ana Belén, et al. "Has the COVID-19 pandemic wiped out the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and influenza activity? A time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021." Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases vol. (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022
Guisado-Gil AB, Benavente RS, Villegas-Portero R, Gil-Navarro MV, Valencia R, Peñalva G, Cisneros JM. Has the COVID-19 pandemic wiped out the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and influenza activity? A time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Jan 10; doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 35026376; PMCID: PMC8743485.
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Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Jan 10; doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022. Epub 2022 Jan 10.

Has the COVID-19 pandemic wiped out the seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and influenza activity? A time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Ana Belén Guisado-Gil, Regina Sandra Benavente, Román Villegas-Portero, María Victoria Gil-Navarro, Raquel Valencia, Germán Peñalva, José Miguel Cisneros

Affiliations

  1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.
  2. Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines Service, Sub-Directorate of Pharmacy and Provisions, Directorate General of Healthcare and Outcomes in Health, Andalusian Health Service, Seville, Spain.
  3. Technical Sub-Directorate of Information Management, Andalusian Health Service, Seville, Spain.
  4. Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.
  5. Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain.
  6. Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/Spanish National Research Council/University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain. Electronic address: [email protected].

PMID: 35026376 PMCID: PMC8743485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the implementation of public health measures on seasonality of outpatient antibiotic use and its possible association with the incidence of influenza.

METHODS: We performed a time-series ecological study in 1,516 primary care centres of Andalusia, Spain, comparing the COVID-19 period (April 2020 to March 2021) with the six previous years. We assessed the number of packs and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants of antibacterials and key antibiotics commonly used for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and the number of influenza-positive cases per 100,000 inhabitants. We calculated the correlation between variables and analysed the seasonal patterns and differences in quarterly antibiotic use.

RESULTS: For all the quarters, a significant correlation was observed between influenza activity and antibiotic use (Spearman's r=0.94; p<0.001). Before the pandemic period, both variables presented similar seasonal patterns. After the start of the pandemic, the influenza activity was suppressed and the antibiotic use pattern flattened off turning into a straight line (R

CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly influenced the seasonality of antibiotic use in primary care. The decline in respiratory viruses, for which the influenza virus is a major player and may act as a proxy, is proposed as a reason for the flattening out of the seasonal fluctuations of outpatient antibiotic use in our region.

Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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