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Sarantis P, Tzanetatou ED, Ioakeimidou E, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: the role of genetic and epigenetic factors; current and prospective treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(12):13246-13260
Sarantis, P., Tzanetatou, E. D., Ioakeimidou, E., Vallilas, C., Androutsakos, T., Damaskos, C., Garmpis, N., Garmpi, A., Papavassiliou, A. G., & Karamouzis, M. V. (2021). Cholangiocarcinoma: the role of genetic and epigenetic factors; current and prospective treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy. American journal of translational research, 13(12), 13246-13260.
Sarantis, Panagiotis, et al. "Cholangiocarcinoma: the role of genetic and epigenetic factors; current and prospective treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy." American journal of translational research vol. 13,12 (2021): 13246-13260.
Sarantis P, Tzanetatou ED, Ioakeimidou E, Vallilas C, Androutsakos T, Damaskos C, Garmpis N, Garmpi A, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. Cholangiocarcinoma: the role of genetic and epigenetic factors; current and prospective treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy. Am J Transl Res. 2021 Dec 15;13(12):13246-13260. eCollection 2021. PMID: 35035673; PMCID: PMC8748131.
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Am J Transl Res. 2021 Dec 15;13(12):13246-13260. eCollection 2021.

Cholangiocarcinoma: the role of genetic and epigenetic factors; current and prospective treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy.

American journal of translational research

Panagiotis Sarantis, Eleftheria Dikoglou Tzanetatou, Evangelia Ioakeimidou, Christos Vallilas, Theodoros Androutsakos, Christos Damaskos, Nikolaos Garmpis, Anna Garmpi, Athanasios G Papavassiliou, Michalis V Karamouzis

Affiliations

  1. Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 11527 Athens, Greece.
  2. Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 11527 Athens, Greece.
  3. N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 11527 Athens, Greece.
  4. Renal Transplantation Unit, Laiko General Hospital 11527 Athens, Greece.
  5. Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 11527 Athens, Greece.
  6. First Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 11527 Athens, Greece.

PMID: 35035673 PMCID: PMC8748131

Abstract

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents 3% of all gastrointestinal cancers worldwide and is the second most common primary liver tumor after hepatocellular carcinoma. CCA is an aggressive tumor that involves the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal biliary tree, with a poor prognosis and an increasing incidence worldwide. Various genetic and epigenetic factors have been implicated in CCA development. Gene mutations involving apoptosis control and cell cycle evolution, histone modifications, methylation dysregulation and abnormal expression of non-coding RNA are the most important of these factors. Regarding treatment, surgical resection, cisplatin and gemcitabine have long been the most common treatment options, but 5-year survival (7-20%) is disappointing. For that reason, inhibitors and small molecules related to specific mutations and molecular pathways have been introduced. Among them, immunotherapy seems to be a promising treatment in CCA, with multiple regimens being under clinical trial studies. The combinatorial therapy of traditional CCA treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and/or immunotherapy seem to be the future, depending on the molecular profile of each patient's tumor.

AJTR Copyright © 2021.

Keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma; epigenetics; genetic mutations; immunotherapy; inhibitors

Conflict of interest statement

None.

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